司馬遷修史志業中潛存的緊張性──正統與異端的兩面性及其消融

Tension in Ssu-ma Ch'ien's Vocation of Writing Shih-chi: Conflict between Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy and It's Final Solution

司馬遷修史的評價標準是否異於聖人，是否不符「尊漢」的要求，亦即《史記》在思想文化與政治的立場上，具有正統性抑或異端性，歷來有熱烈討論。本文由形成司馬遷修史志業中很重要的家學、父命，以及繼承孔子作《春秋》這兩個重要因素，探討司馬遷修史志業中潛存的緊張性，並說明《史記》如何站在更高的作史理想，消融正統與異端兩面性的對立，完成價值立場一貫的一家之言。對司馬遷修《史記》影響很大的家學、父命，都含有黃老與儒家理念夾雜的多元價值，形成儒家與黃老間的緊張性。本文說明史公如何接受家學、父命並超越之，轉化其保守性格，並使黃老成為批判時政與儒者缺陷的理論根據之一。如此，肯定黃老也可以成為《史記》追求王道理想的一環，儒道衝突與黃老的異端性在更高層次中被消融了。《史記》表現呼應時代與朝廷要求的正統性，以及對朝廷的銳利批評，所呈現的政治立場上正統與異端的兩面性，也都可以在《春秋》中找到根源，亦即與司馬遷繼承孔子作《春秋》的修史志業有關。然而，《史記》表現出銳利的現實批判，呈現政治立場上的異端性，應視為體現孔子作《春秋》精神，是追尋王道理想的手段。如是，司馬遷由繼承孔子作《春秋》而來的修史志業中潛存的緊張性，以及政治立場上呈現的異端性，也消融在更高的價值之中了。

It has been highly debated that if there was any discrepancy between the evaluations of history modification made by Ssu-ma Ch'ien and Confucius, which meant whether Shih-chi was on either an orthodoxy or heterodoxy position. To address the issue, the aim of the thesis was to explore the potential tension among Ssu-ma Ch'ien's history modification from the two important factors: Ssu-ma Ch'ien's family learning from Ssu-ma T'an, which vitally formed Ssu-ma Ch'ien's history modification, and succeeded to Confucius's Chunqiu. I further explained how Shih-chi stood on a more ambitious idea to melt the opposition between orthodoxy and heterodoxy. Ssu-ma Ch'ien's family teaching implied the multiple worth of Huang-lao Taoism and Confucianism, which has formed the tension between those. The thesis explained how Ssu-ma Ch'ien accepted his family teaching and transcended it and then turned conservative into kingly way and policy of benevolence. Thus, the conflict between the Confucianism and the heterodoxical Taoism could be melted and further proved that Huang-lao Taoism was one of crucial factors for Shih-chi to pursue the most valuable idea. Shih-chi also revealed the orthodoxy consistent with the age and the dynasty along with the critique toward the dynasty. Both orthodoxy and heterodoxy toward political stance could be found in Chunqiu, which was related to Ssu-ma Ch'ien's history modification succeeding to Shih-chi. However, Shih-chi revealed the acute criticism of reality and the heterodoxy of political stance, which should be viewed as the main spirit of Confucius' Chunqiu. In conclusion, the potential conflict of Ssu-ma Ch'ien's history modification succeeding to Confucius' Chunqiu and the heterodoxy presented on political stance could be melted into a more ambitious value.