《春秋》曲筆書滅與《左傳》屬辭比事──以史傳經與《春秋》書法

The Tactful Expression on Nation Preachments in Chunqiu and Words Connection and Events Arrangement in Zuozhuan: Discussion on Elaborating the Classic Through the History and the Shufa in Chunqiu

《禮記．經解》：「屬辭比事，《春秋》教也」，案其所屬之辭，核以所比之事，則程頤所稱《春秋》之「微辭隱義，時措從宜」可知；朱熹所謂《春秋》「都不說破」之旨趣，富含「言外之意」之經義，亦足以破解。弒君與滅國，為君國之大事，素為《春秋》書法所重。《春秋》書滅之筆法有二，或直書，或曲筆。本文選擇《春秋》曲筆書滅之例八，分為兩類：其一，枉道速禍，魚爛而亡者，如《春秋》書「虞師晉師滅下陽」、「晉人執虞公」、「梁亡」、「胡子髠、沈子逞滅，獲陳夏齧」、「宋公入曹」諸什。其二，豪強侵逼，專命自恣，如《春秋》書「紀侯大去其國」、「滅項」、「遂滅偪陽」諸什。《春秋》書法或微而顯，或志而晦，或婉而成章，曲筆諱書，其義難知。《左傳》論本事而作傳，敘事見本末，因以求義，經文可知。於是屬辭比事之《春秋》教，一變而為以史傳經之敘事藝術。《春秋》既曲筆書滅，歷代治《春秋》者遂多據《左傳》敘事以解經。本文旨在辨章學術，考鏡淵流，故多援引《左傳》敘事以證成之。其中廣引歷代《春秋》學之詮釋，會通諸家，所以相互發明。

According to Liji, one of the most important Confucian Classics, the rhetoric of words connection and events arrangement is highly relevant to Chunqiu's ideology. Regicides and nation preachments, regarded considerable events either to the lord or the country, attracted close attention by the Shufa of Chunqiu. Since I've written a paper about the regicides in Chunqiu, in this article, I'd like to discuss the rhetoric of writing on nation preachments in Chunqiu. The nation preachments in Chunqiu fell into two categories, the direct narration and the tactful expression. To discuss the rhetoric of Chunqiu, eight examples of the tactful expression in Chunqiu were chosen and placed into two classes: disasters or preachments owing to injustice or corruption; invasion by formidable enemy states and the lords' autocracy. Through the study of the rhetoric of Chunqiu, we'll go deep into Chunqiu's Weiyan Dayi, namely using subtle words to deliver significant meaning. Moreover, the fact Zuozhuan elaborated Chunqiu through historical events could be regarded as the concrete practice of Chunqiu's rhetoric, words connection and events arrangement.