《慈湖詩傳》對「思無邪」的詮釋與運用

Ci hu shi zhuan's Interpretations and Applications to “Thinking Without Depravity＂ (Si Wu Xie)

思無邪」之語原出〈魯頌‧駉〉，孔子斷章，取以概括三百篇的特質，而有「《詩》三百，一言以蔽之，曰：『思無邪。』」之名言。其後〈魯頌〉與《論語》之「思無邪」是否完全同義，其主體分別指何人，成為後世聚訟紛紜的學術議題。宋代著名心學家楊簡強調「不起意」之必要性，力主吾人皆須順著人心所固有的道德本能，以回復本心之善。以「不起意」為基礎，楊簡在其《慈湖詩傳》中對於孔子「《詩》思無邪」之命題有了進一步的發揮。本文研究楊簡《慈湖詩傳》對於「思無邪」的詮釋與運用，指出楊簡不僅認為經典作者思無邪，而且，聖言坦夷，詩篇所表述的往往就是簡易直截的無邪平正之道，學者一旦用力追索所謂的詩篇深意，難免陷入穿鑿牽合之弊而不自知。此外，楊簡將「思無邪」之論充分運用在其解《詩》方法中，一方面其說詩以合乎「思無邪」為最高宗旨，一方面也使用此一標準以檢驗傳統的解經成績，包括詩文的訓釋與詩篇旨意的探尋，這是《慈湖詩傳》的一大特色，當然，也是其說《詩》的侷限。楊簡利用經典來闡發其心學思想，這是學界的基本共識，透過本文的考察，使得我們對於此一問題可以有更為深刻的理解。

“Thinking Without Depravity”(si wu xie) originated from the Jiong chapter in Lu Song. Confucius garbled it to summarize the characteristic of The Book of Odes, and had a well-known adage: “In the Book of Poetry are three hundred pieces, but the design of them all may be embraced in one sentence: 'thinking without depravity.'“ In regards to whether or not si wu xie in Lu Song and The Analects of Confucius are completely synonymous and who the subject is, this topic became an important academic issue in which opinions widely differed. Yang Jian is a famous scholar of The School of the Mind in the Song Dynasty. He emphasized the necessity of “being without the rise of selfishness” (bu qi yi), contending that people must moral instinct in order to recover the purity of the human mind. Using bu qi yi as the foundation, Yang Jian further expounded on Confucius' Su wu xie concept in The Book of Odes. This paper researches Ci hu shi zhuan's interpretations and applications to si wu xie, pointing out that Yang Jian not only believes the poets think without degradation, but also that Sage's words are simple, and the expressions of poems usually exemplifies wu xie as a way of simple direction. If the scholars search for those profound meanings of the poems, they will gain only forced interpretations. Furthermore, Yang Jian made use of the theory of si wu xie in his method of interpreting the poems. On one hand, he took it as the highest objective of interpretation. On the other hand, he checked the results of traditional explanations, including the exegeses and other profound interpretations. This is the most obvious characteristic of Ci hu shi zhuan. Yang Jian made use of The Book of Odes to elucidate his thought of the philosophy of the mind. This is the basic consensus of academia today. This paper thus provides a more indepth and profound understanding on this subject.