方東樹儒學思想的一個側面──辨陸王以歸程朱

An Aspect of Fang Dongshu's Confucianism Thought - Discussing Lu-Wang Philosophy and its Return to Cheng-Zhu Philosophy

過去研究論及方東樹者皆將焦點集中於《漢學商兌》，將之視為反乾嘉漢學之大將。然而方氏以捍衛程朱學術自詡，他的著作並不僅止於反乾嘉漢學，同時亦處理陽明學派對朱子的非議。本文即嘗試擴大考察方東樹的儒學相關著作，爬梳方東樹以程朱之學回應陸王的批判，以及攻訐承襲陽明心學一系的劉宗周義理等問題進行探究。首先，分析方東樹反陽明學的原因，主要是認為當時士人省悟乾嘉漢學流弊後，將轉而以陸王心學為依歸，為預阻此一學風之轉變，維護程朱理學之地位，故辨明陸王心學之失，闢除黃宗羲、劉宗周承姚江門戶之論述。其次，歸納方東樹反陽明學的內容，包括抨擊陸象山與王陽明晦於人心道心的詮解、混淆知行之序，貽誤立教之則；抨擊劉宗周在道器性理諸說、氣質之性，以及誠意慎獨之學立論之謬源於陽明且更甚於陽明。最後，藉由前述的基礎，嘗試指出方東樹在尊奉程朱之學幾近乎信仰般的特質下，使他難以正視心學家對程朱理學的攻訐；而再三凸顯格物窮理、強調積累漸進之工夫，反陷於忽略理學超越層面闡發之困境。但從另一角度來說，此一特色未嘗不是受乾嘉學風衝擊而轉變之展現，如此看來，實仍具其時代意義。

Scholars who research Fang Dongshu tend to focus on the book named “Hanxue Shangdui”. They regarded Fang as an important person who opposed the Qian-Jia Han School. However, Fang Dongshu saw himself as a defender of the Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi School of Thought. His works were not only aimed at the Qian-Jia School, but also dealt with the criticism of Yangming sect to the Zhu Xi sect. This article attempts to expand and investigate Fang Dongshu's Confucian works and explores Fang Dongshu's response to Lu-Wang's judgment according to the Cheng-Zhu school, and discusses the questions regarding the Confucian theory of Liu Zongzhou, which was followed by the Yang-Ming school. First, I analyze why Fang Dongshu opposes the Yangming Study. He tries to prevent the style of study from Qian-Jia Han School and turns to Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Yangming. Then, he suppresses the statement of anti Huang Zongxi and Liu Zongzhou who followed Yaojiang sect. Secondly, I excavate the contents of Fang Dongshu's opposition towards the Yangming School. He criticizes Lu Xiangshan and Wang Yangming in regards to their ill-defined explanation of the mind of people being equal to mind of Taoism, thus distorting the order of knowing and action, and impediment to the principle of initiating the sect, as well as Liu Zongzhou's statement regarding the “Dao Qi Xing Li” theory from Yangming. Finally, by the aforesaid basis, I attempt to point out that Fang Dongshu regards Cheng-Zhu learning as a faith of the religious, for it is difficult for him to face the criticism from experts in the school of the mind to Cheng-Zhu Learning. Fang Dongshu emphasizes the accumulation effort and the “Investigation of Things to Exhaust Reason” (Gewu qiongli) theory repeatedly. From another angle, this feature was affected and transformed by the impact of Qian-Jia Han Scholarship. Therefore, it has representation in the meaning of the era.