凶事禮哭──中國古代儒式喪禮中的哭泣儀式及後世的傳承演變

“Ceremonial Weeping for Unlucky Matters＂: Ceremonial Weeping in Ancient Confucian Funerals and its Transformation in Later Ages

本文所謂「凶事」，係以喪禮為主；而「禮哭」則指一種有別於「常」的儀式性哭泣。基於孝道觀念和家族制度，中國傳統文化不只特別重視喪禮，其中尤以「哭泣」為不可或缺的儀文節目，與喪期、喪服、居喪種種並為喪禮要務，從而演示為各種規則與變項，更進一步體現其深遠的儀式意味和文化內涵，有待歸納考索。前言、結語之外，本文第二節揭露凶事禮哭的規範樣式，在形式表現上，哭以涕淚為真、哭有聲腔之異、哭有定規之數、哭或佐以言辭、哭與動作搭配；而哭泣常見的相關變項，包括場合之殊、位次之異、身分之差、男女之別，必要時得佐以「代哭」。第三節討論凶事禮哭的文化意涵，可知哭與不哭不僅人情立見，且攸關為喪制節，每每受禮法框限。第四節言及凶事禮哭的傳承演變，觀察後世方俗與古昔喪禮的主要異同，可發現：一、古禮「虞而卒哭」的段落，明顯改易為「七七」和「百日」。二、古禮「哭廟」每在葬後，晚近民間方俗卻是在成服前「報廟」，且前者之廟係「宗廟」、「家廟」，後者之廟則為外神之廟，由此可見民間信仰對喪俗的滲透習染。三、古禮喪哭並未凸顯婦女的角色，後世民俗喪哭卻往往以婦女為重，這未必是年代先後造成的差異，或有可能出自菁英文化和庶民文化（大傳統╱小傳統）思維質性的不同。

In this article, “unlucky matters” refers mainly to funerals. Ceremonial weeping is a form of ceremonial crying, distinctive from everyday natural crying which occurs during funerals. Based on the Confucian doctrine of filial piety and Chinese familial structure, traditional Chinese culture pays much attention to funerals. Some of the mainly funeral tasks include ceremonial weeping, which is often the main demonstration, funeral dress, a mourning period, and other funerary customs. As a result of different factors, it evolved into many variation and customs. Besides the introduction and conclusion, chapter two introduces the format of ceremonial weeping. In presentation, tears signify sincere mourning. Different tones of crying carry different meanings. Methods of crying are defined, some accompanied with words, others with gestures. Some other deciding factors include occasions, orders in the family, social status, and gender. There are even substitute weepers when necessary. Chapter three discusses the cultural value of ceremonial weeping. Weeping during funeral not only is a display of normal human emotions, it's also a formal custom and is defined by formal Confucian ritual. Chapter four discusses the changes of ceremonial weeping over time and compares the similarities and differences between ancient and modern funerals. The research findings include the following: 1. The ancient ceremonies of “settling the dead” and “controlled and scheduled weeping” evolved into the later versions of “Seven Weeks” and “One Hundred Days”. 2. In ancient ceremony, “Weeping in the temple” usually takes place after the funeral, whereas in modern times, the weeping happens after “Reporting to the Gods in the Temple”. The temple, in ancient times, refers to family temple, whereas in modern times it refers to temples for Gods. Also there is a remarkable influence of folk religions on funerals. 3. Women's role are not emphasized in ancient funerals, but they often play a major role in modern ceremonial weeping. This change suggests different thinking styles of elite culture and folk culture, and may have little or nothing to do with the differences in time periods.