從越南漢文小說看爭奇文學在漢字文化圈的發展

Examining The Development of the Glamour-Contention Literature in the Chinese-character Cultural Circle from Vietnamese Novels Written in Chinese

「爭奇文學」具世界性的特色，其發展可謂源遠流長。在中國其遠源可推至漢賦，近源則可向上推尋唐代三教論衡；向下探究明清爭奇小說，乃至民間笑話及民間故事，而在漢字文化圈的越南、日本、韓國，既有其本身的爭奇故事傳統，也有在接受漢文化傳播下發展演變的爭奇文學。本文針對越南漢文小說中的16種「爭奇類型」作品，進行述介，分析其特色，並論述中國爭奇文學在越南的傳播與發展。其中《孔子項橐問答書》當是明代中土《小兒論》一類文本傳承的抄本，凸顯了中國爭奇文學在漢字文化圈傳播的最初方式。其他15篇蓋為越南文士之作，是藉爭奇文學以呈現其心志與理想，主要抑或受中土爭奇文學傳播之影響而產生之仿作、擬撰。這些漢文作品既提供了研究越南漢文小說的豐富材料，也是拓展漢文學及比較文學研究的珍貴材料。

Literature of glamour and contention (zheng qi) can be found all over the world, for its development has a long history. In China, its origin can be traced back to the Han rhapsody (Han fu). Later it also appeared in the apologetic literature of the Three Teachings in the Tang dynasty, and finally in the novels of glamour and contention during the Ming and Qing periods. This genre had even stronger impact on folk jokes and folklore. In Vietnam, as part of the Chinese-character cultural circle, this literary phenomenon not only developed a unique tradition of glamour-contention literature, but was also influenced by the glamour-contention literature that disseminated from Chinese culture and tradition. This paper will introduce and analyze sixteen Vietnamese glamour-contention novels in Chinese and deal with the spread and development of Chinese glamour-contention literature in Vietnam. Among these novels, the dialog between Confucius and Xiang Tuo (Kongzi Xiangtuo wenda shu) seems to be a transmitted text of the Treatise of Little Children (Xiao'er lun) from the Ming Dynasty, which demonstrated the earliest form of the transmission of Chinese glamour-contention literature within the Chinese-character cultural circle. The other fifteen pieces mostly come from the imitated works composed by Vietnamese literati under the influence of Chinese glamour-contention literature. These works in Chinese characters offer us very rich materials for studying Vietnamese novels and also helps us expand our horizon in terms of looking at new materials in studying Chinese literature and comparative literature.