析閩西客語「全濁聲母清化不送氣」字

Analysis of Guang yun Fully Voiced Initial Characters be Pronounced as “Unaspirated Consonants＂ in Western Fujian Hakka

從語言類型學（linguistics typology）推斷，客語「濁音清化送氣」類型本有一致性。閩西客語不送氣字除少數字來源並非《廣韻》的濁音聲母，多數字可能是區域特徵的聚變，也可能受歷代以來標準語的影響，前者是接加層干擾（adstratum interference）；後者是上位層干擾（superstratum interference）。不論是哪一種干擾，都會破壞《廣韻》和閩西客語在音位對應上的演變規律，留下新的語音層次。從區域聚變來思考，這些不送氣字可能是閩語類型的擴散，也可能來自於畬族底層的借詞，然而一經聲母和調類比對，發現閩西客語多數不送氣字對應「陰調類」，可以推測這些「陰調類」字並非中古濁音清化殘留後的進一步演變，而是來自於官話濁音清化後的全清聲母形式。此外，閩西客語少數對應「陽調類」的字，和官話「全濁入歸陽平」的調類演變類型相同，同樣證明這些字主要受到官話系統的影響。至於閩西客語不送氣字多數集中在仄聲，和閩語不論平仄多數送氣的清化類型相違背；以及客語和畬語同屬濁音清化送氣的類型，兩者少數不送氣字並不相重疊，可以證明閩西閩語、畬語都不是影響閩西客語濁音清化不送氣字的主要因素。

The ancient Guang yun fully voiced initial characters should be pronounced as “aspirated consonants” in Hakka dialects, but today some are pronounced as “unaspirated consonants”. In western Fujian Hakka dialect, for example, these “unaspirated consonant words” may be a result of an areal diffusion from neighbouring, or they could be affected by standard language. Either way, it destroys the phoneme correspondence both in the ancient Guang yun and western Fujian Hakka language. As to what is the major impact of the “unaspirated consonant words”? And how to be affected? In this paper, it compares “unaspirated consonant words” and “tone” of Hakka interior dialects, Mandarin, western Fujian Min, She languages, and then we know the “unaspirated consonant words” and “tone” are close to the Mandarin phonetic system. Accordingly, we can explain why the oblique tone category of these words is even more than the level tone category. And why should most of the “unaspirated consonant words” be pronounced as “yin-tone” categories? It is an universal phenomenon that the ancient Guang yun fully voiced initial characters are pronounced as “unaspirated consonants”.