卓蘭鎮客家方言小稱詞之形成與變異研究

A Study of the Formation and Variation of the Diminutives in Zhuolan Hakka Varieties

本研究旨在探究卓蘭鎮客家方言小稱詞的形成與變異，透過174個單音節詞根語素調查卓蘭大埔、饒平、海陸、四縣、苗栗四縣、竹東海陸、東勢大埔等客語腔調，每個腔調選取三名六十歲以上的發音人。調查結果如下：第一，除卓蘭四縣腔外，卓蘭鎮其他客語腔調都受到東勢大埔腔的影響，小稱詞形成方式已向東勢大埔腔靠攏。第二，卓蘭饒平腔及卓蘭海陸腔與桃園∕新竹饒平腔及竹東海陸腔在小稱詞形成方式上已完全不同。前兩者以單音節詞根語素兼帶［24］小稱調來形成小稱詞，後兩者則以後接小稱詞綴來形成小稱詞。第三，本研究亦利用地理語言學中「波傳論」與「洪水論」解釋東勢大埔腔「由南向北」的語言漸層擴散。最後，本研究回顧臺中地區開發史與移民史，從旁證明大埔客家話過去曾是臺灣中部最強勢的客語。

This paper examines the formation and variation of the diminutives in Zhuolan Hakka and compare the results with those in Miaoli, Chudong and Dongshi Hakka varieties. This study utilized a fieldwork survey method, adopted 174 monosyllabic words as testing materials and chose three elders over sixty from each Hakka variety as speech informants. The survey results of this study were stated in the following. First, exclusive of Zhuolan Sixian Hakka, other Hakka varieties in Zhuolan Township have been greatly influenced by Dongshi Hakka in the ways of diminutive formation. Second, concerning the ways of diminutive formation, Zhuolan Raoping Hakka and Zhuolan Hailu Hakka differ from Taoyuan/Hsinchu Raoping Hakka and Chudong Hailu Hakka. The former two form their diminutives by monosyllabic words with a [24] rising diminutive tone; the latter two still use suffixes to form diminutives. Third, this study used ＂wave theory＂ and ＂flood theory＂ in geolinguistics to explicate the south-to-north gradual diffusion of Dongshi Hakka into Zhuolan area. Eventually, by reviewing the development and immigration history of central Taichung, this study evidenced that Dapu Hakka was once ever the strongest language in central Taichung in the past two to three hundred years.