好古博雅之實踐──論陸深與叢刻小說《古今說海》

The Practice of Archaic and Liberal Arts Learning-On Lu Shen and the Block-printed Novel Gu Jin Shuo Hai

明中葉在士林間廣泛流行之「好古博雅」意識，既可作為品評人物的稱譽之詞，也是展現在作品風格的參考標準之一。在此時期，許多官員秉持好古博雅的信念，以刊刻出版方式主動傳播小說，帶動單刻本小說大量問世，一時蔚為風潮。嘉靖23年（1544）出版問世之《古今說海》，為明代首部專以小說為收錄主體之叢刻式作品。其作者歸屬權後人多依據唐錦〈古今說海引〉所述而歸之陸楫。然透過多方詳考可知，包括書籍命名、書目檢選、刻工來源等大小事務，陸楫之父─陸深，應當才是真正主導全書編纂方向的靈魂人物，《古今說海》之編成，可說是陸深對「好古博雅」意識之實踐，也是作為回應盛行於世的復古運動及陽明心學之理論載體。此外，小說傳播型態往往與小說文學地位有著互為表裡的關連，《古今說海》堪可作為見證這段過渡階段的參考標的。於此之前，小說多僅能以傳抄、單刻本形式流傳，將小說透過有意識且系統化集結、出版並傳播，陸氏父子可謂首開其例，此舉也顯現小說文學地位，在好古博雅意識的加持下，有了更加穩固的傳播基礎。

There was popularity of ＂archaic and liberal arts learning＂ among the intellectuals during the mid-Ming period. The idea of archaic and liberal arts learning could be used to praise those who had distinguished achievements in the field of arts and literacy, and it also set the criterion by which one's writing style was evaluated. During this period of time, many governmental officers held the idea of archaic and liberal arts learning through the act of publishing novels in block-printed forms. This, nevertheless, had made the popularity of single-printed novels. Published in 1544, the novel Gu Jin Shuo Hai (On Now and Then) was the first block-printed collections in the form of the novel in the Ming Dynasty. According to presumptions made by later, the author of the text was Lu Ji. However, it needs to be noted that, through various archaeological researches, the author should be recognized as Lu Ji's father, Lu Shen. Gu Jin Shuo Hai was Lu Shen's realization of archaic and liberal arts learning, and it was also a reply to both the revivalists of the Ming Dynasty and Wang Yang Ming's philosophy of mind, both of which had been predominating thoughts prior to the publication of the text. Moreover, there was a connection between the shifted ways of transmission and the changed status of the novel as a literary creation. Gu Jin Shuo Hai witnessed these changes. Before the text being published, novels could only be printed in hand-copied or single-printed forms. But Lu's family started a new way of making novels be read through their systematic editing, gathering, and publishing. This also shows that the status of the novel, through the idea of archaic and liberal arts learning, had a more consolidated foundation upon which it could be transmitted.