日語否定漢語前綴詞素「不．無．非．未」──與外來語詞根結合之派生詞為主

An Analysis of Japanese Negative Kango Prefixes: “FU-“, ”MU-“, ”HI-“ and ”MI-”: With a Focus on Gairaigo Derivatives

日語表示否定概念的漢語前綴詞素有「不－」「無－」「非－」「未－」等，先行研究對此四個類義詞素的相關研究，大都以這些否定漢語前綴詞素與漢語．和語詞根所結合的派生詞（例如「不手際」「無神经」「非公開」「未完成」等）為分析之對象。然而，近來日語外來語在日語裡不僅僅只是單純的借用外來語，進而在日語的構詞裡不斷發揮其造詞功能，例如「非ミステリ－」「無ダイヤ」「未チヤレンヅ」等否定漢語前綴詞素與外來語詞根所結合之語例也不少。本論文即以此四個否定漢語前綴詞素與外來語詞根結合之派生詞為研究考察之對象，從否定漢語前綴詞素所結合之外來語詞根的品詞性、否定內容的範圓、以及前綴詞素的否定意義功能之三個觀點來探討。並和傳統的［不．無．非．未十漢語．和語詞根］派生詞相對比，分析二者究竟有何相似及相異之處，以闡明[不．無．非．未十外來語詞根］派生詞的構詞特徵。最後，並論述在肯定否定的對立概念量尺上，［不．無．非．未十外來語詞根］派生詞與傳統的［不．無．非．未十漢語．和語詞根］派生詞之間本質的差異性。

“FU-”, ”MU-”, ”HI-”, ”MI-” are all Japanese Kango Prefixes showing negative meanings. Prior researches on the for prefixes mostly focus on their Kango and Wago derivatives. For examples, “FUTEGIWA”, “MUSHINKEI”, “HIKOUKAI”, “MIKANSEI”..etc. However, we found that in recent years, Gairaigo are not only borrowed words from foreign languages, but also have word-forming abilities to create new vocabularies. Such as “HIMISUTERII”, “MUDAIYA”, “MICHARANGI” are all derivatives with combinations of negative Kango prefixes and Gairaigo roots. The purpose of this article is to analyze the derivatives with combinations of the four negative Kango prefixes and Gairaigo roots. The analysis was made from three prospects: The word classes of the Gairaigo roots, ranges where the negative prefixes cover, functions of the negative prefixes. Furthermore, we took those derivatives to compare with the traditional derivatives with the combinations of “FU-”, ”MU-”, ”HI-”, ”MI-”+Kango or Wago roots, in order to find out the similarities and differences between the two sets of derivatives. Through the comparison processes, we were able to summarize the word-forming features of the “FU”, ”MU-”, ”HI-”, ”MI-”+ Gairaigo roots. At the end, we also indicated the essential differences between the derivatives of the “FU-”, ”MU-”, ”HI-”, ”MI-”+ Gairaigo roots and the traditional “FU-”, ”MU-”, ”HI-”, ”MI-”+Kango or Wago roots on the base of positive-negative spectrums.