關於佐藤一斎與新渡戸稲造之關係

The Relations between Sato Issai and Nitobe Inazo

佐藤一斎（1772-1859）與新渡戸稲造（1862-1933），二者皆武士精神之著述者及教育家，亦各自皆對江戶末期之武士，以及明治時期之知識份子，影響深遠；二者之關係，於近代武士精神史之發展脈絡上，極具意義。然而，目前之研究，均不見有對此之專論。本論文即針對此二者間之承、啟，重新釐清，其調查析論結果得知，新渡戸所承接自一斎之精神，乃以「立志克己」為主題；而其所涉及之「天」概念，則為新渡戸對一斎之承、啟所在，新渡戸之《修養》一書之「天」概念，除部分承襲自一斎之《言志四録》外，尚摻入基督教、《聖經》中之「神」概念，而一斎之「天」、「己」之關係，亦隨之註解成「神」、「人」之關係，而以「真己」克服「假己」，亦隨之註解成以人身之「神」性克服人身之「惡魔」，此乃新渡戸以基督教、《聖經》對一斎的所謂兩個自我之重新解讀。換言之，一斎與新渡戸身上之武士思想光譜，乃以「立志克己」為同一基礎，分別於儒學與和洋折衷二者不同之基調上綻放而成。

Sato Issai (1772-1859) and Nitobe Inazo (1862-1933), who both elaborated much about Bushi's spirit, are famous as educationists. They have been greatly influencing respectively on the Bushi of the Edo and the intellects of the Meiji. It is critically meaningful to study on their mutual relationship, especially in view of the Bushi's spiritual development history in Modern Japan. So far there is no specific thesis on their thought in academic circle, this thesis therefore focuses on connections between the thought of Issai and Nitobe, so as to further clarify the exact scope and content. The finding thus demonstrates that, the thought Nitobe succeeded from Issai is using ”rissi kokki 立志克已” (Resolution and self-restrain) to be the subject relating closely to ”Ten天.” The ”Ten天” concept mentioned in Nitobe's book ”Shu yo修養” (self-cultivation) not only succeeded from Issai's Gensisiroku 言志四錄 (four analects about resolution), but also incorporated the elements regarding to Kami 神 (Supreme Being, God) in Christianity and Bible. Hence Issai's relations between ”Ten天” and ”ki 已(ego)” was naturally interpreted equivalently to the relations between ”Kami 神(Supreme Being)” and ”人(being)”. In addition, that ”kaki假已(untrue ego)” conquered by ”sinki 真已(true ego)”, was also explained to that ”devils” conquered by ”deity,” in which Nitobe created a new definition for Issai's ”two egos” through Christianity and Bible's view. In other words, the splendid flash from Issai's and Nitobe's thought about Bushi are on the same basis of ”rissi kokki立志克已” and thus developed through different ways including ”Confucianism” and ”Coalescence” of the Japanese and the Western.