中日身體語彙之語義延伸──以複合名詞「～口」為例

Semantics Extension of Vocabularies Related to Body Parts in Chinese and Japanese Languages-an Example of a Compound Noun: '~口'

受到人類長期從日常生活中的身體體驗（例如人有一個口，口腔裹還包括牙齒和舌頭，靠著牙齒和舌頭來攝取食物，並品嘗食物的味道等經驗）所獲得的認知概念、以及傳統社會文化的影響之下，身體語彙產生了許多衍生語義，使得身體語彙大多形成了一詞多義之「多義現象」。以日語為例，身體詞「口」從原本單純表達身體器官「mouth」之基本語義，大量衍生出像「窓口」、「秋の口」、「就職口」、「一口千円の寄付」等等不是表達人體「口腔部位」意思的衍生語義。為了要理解這些衍生語義和基本語義之間，在認知語義上的關連性和語義延伸的方法，便成為筆者此次研究的動機。本論文採用認知語義學的觀點，以日語和漢語的身體詞「～口」和〈～口（kou）〉作為研究對象，首先從中日兩國辭典中收集含有「～口」的複合名詞作為主要的分析語料，接著再以語料庫、新聞資料庫中收集日常生活中之實際用例做為補充。然後用共時的觀點，去了解身體詞「～口」的實際使用分佈以及所涵蓋的語義範疇。之後參考歷時的觀點，依據基本語義和衍生語義之間的「相似性」、「鄰接性」、「包擾性」等語義關係特徵，試圖以「隱喻、換喻、提喻」等認知譬喻的概念，來解釋語義延伸的現象。最後將中日身體詞「～口」和〈～口（kou）〉的多義構造，用語義網絡圖加以歸納，並檢討兩者之間的差異。

Through the influences of one's daily practice as sell as culture background, these vocabularies have also been developed into other forms of meanings. This has resulted in polysemy of the body related words. An example in Japanese language is the character of 「口」, which initially represents ”mouth” of human beings Nevertheless, it is also extended and used in various terms with different interpretations. The words of 「窓口」、「秋の口」、「就職口」、「一口円の寄付」 which irrelevant to ”mouth” are examples of the transformation. Based on the concept of cognitive semantics, the study firstly collects the terms containing 「～口」from both Chinese and Japanese dictionaries as samples, with supplements of other terms from corpus. with the references of similarity, contiguity, and hyponymy between the basic and the extended meanings of the terms, the paper then explains the phenomenon of semantic extension through metaphor, metonymy, and synecdoche. The structure of the multiple presentations of 「～口」 in both Chinese and Japanese languages and their differences are finally presented and categorized in a semantic network graph.