女性典範之顛覆與解構──以円地文子之「女面」為例

The Subversion and Deconstruction of Women's Gender Role (Ryōsai kenbo): Enchi Fumiko's Masks

円地文子（1905-1986）是日本極少數能在男性主導的正典（canon）文壇中，估有一席之地的女性作家之一。古典文學造詣深厚的円地文子，善用互文理論將古典文學作品融入其寫作的文本中，以探討父權社會下女性求取生存之韌性、情慾糾葛、所承受的壓迫，以及如何曲折巧妙的追求女性的自主性。『女面』一作堪稱最能表現円地文子「書寫抵抗」的寫作特色。它融合運用了日本能劇、古典文學以及神道教等典故與思想，來描寫女主角長達數十年的復仇計畫，不但成功地以母系血統取代了父系繁衍的承繼，更顛覆了自明治維新以來即深植民心之「良妻賢母」的刻板性別符號，挑戰家族國家統治的既有權威。

Enchi Fumiko is one of the few women writers in Japan who has commanded the respect of the male-dominated literary world while writing unflinching representations of sexual politics from an implicitly feminist point of view. Successfully synthesized literary influences from the East and West, as well as from the past and present, Enchi explored themes of the residual destructive effects of the family system and the strictly determined gender roles for women. Masks is one of her representative works that display how to write against the patriarchy. With intertextual references to The Tale of Genji and other classic literature, Masks is presented through many kinds of performance depicted in the novel, such as the Noh plays and the layeredness of spiritualism. The female protagonist's long-term and devious revenge on her husband not only reclaims the matrilineal origins of ”blood lineage” from their conventional subordination to patrilineal ideology, but also subverts the traditional gender codes for both men and women.