「ちゃんと」的語義分析

An Analysis of the Significance of tyanto

日常生活中常用的「ちゃんと」一詞，仔細觀察會發現它的語意‧用法呈現出非常複雜而特別的分佈模式。由語法結構上來看，它只能修飾動詞，位置也出現在最靠近動詞的地方，顯現它與動詞間的緊密關係；但是由實例中我們卻可發現它所表達的卻是屬句子最外延的「說話者的判斷和態度」部分。因為「ちゃんと」語意中原就帶有「正確、無誤、合於社會規範」的意涵，所以雖是屬說話者取向的副詞，也就是由說話者來判斷是否「ちゃんと」，但是實際表示出來的卻是它就是一種社會規範之意。而也由於這種語意意涵，「匕」又自動的會排擠某些句型和語彙，這些都是單純從語法結構的觀點無法說明的。

Tyanto is an expression commonly used in everyday life, but close examination reveals that its meaning and use display an extremely complex and special arrangement. In terms of grammar, tyanto can modify only verbs. It is positioned in close proximity to the verb which it modifies, thereby demonstrating its intimate relation to that verb. But in actual examples we discover that what it conveys in fact belongs to the more distant register of the judgements and attitudes of the speaker. Because the basic meaning of tyanto implies correctness, certainty, and an adherence to social norms, it can be seen as an adverb expressing a tendency of the speaker, that is, whether or not the speaker judges something to be tyanto. However, what is actually expressed is that that thing is a social norm. As a result of this implication, tyanto also automatically excludes certain sentence patterns and vocabulary in ways that we cannot account for simply from the perspective of grammatical structure.