能力測驗認知取向的理論與實作

ON THE COGNITIVE APPROACH TO TEST DESIGN

能力測驗的發展幾乎代表了整個心理測驗理論的大部分歷史，這方面的演進在近年來認知心理學的影響下有了新的衝激。本文將簡單介紹能力測驗的過去歷史、目前的情況與未來展望。同時也將介紹以認知心理學取向發展能力測驗的看法，並討論一些在當前技術條件下已成熟而且可行的策略，以支援認知心理學者對個別差異進行能配合並驗證理論的精細測量。一個實徵的例子將被提出，以具體說明作者的看法。在該例子裡，一個改良的記憶掃瞄實驗被設計成可以測量個別差異的型式，除了探討個別差異的測量外，同時以較細緻的實驗程序與資料分析顯示記憶掃瞄可能是一種系列且自停式（self-terminated）搜尋過程。

This article briefly discusses the possible superiorities of cognitive approach over traditional psychometric approach in test design. Som well-estabilished cognitive experiment techniques about experimentation, computerization, and data handling, were overviewed to evaluate the possibilities of measuring individual differences in such a similar way as that of psychophysics. An empirical study which modified Sternberg's memory scan experiment to tackle individual differences is also presented to demonstrate the author's conception.