學齡前幼兒之社會支配性與影響因素及其資源控制策略之探討

Young Children's Social Dominance, Influencing Factors, and Resources Control Strategies

本研究旨在探討學齡前幼兒之社會支配現象。研究分為兩個階段，第一階段以110位四至六歲幼兒為對象，由教師填寫「幼兒社會支配性量表」與「幼兒道德行為量表」，父母填寫「父母管教方式問卷」，藉以瞭解幼兒社會支配性之年齡、性別分布以及相關影響因素；第二階段以第一階段由各班選出之社會支配性得分最高的30名幼兒為對象，由教師填寫「資源控制策略量表」，研究者則進入現場實地觀察目標幼兒的互動行為，藉以瞭解高社會支配性幼兒資源控制策略的使用情形。第一階段的研究結果發現，幼兒社會支配性隨年齡上升，無性別差異；父母懲罰式管教以及幼兒本身的道德行為都與中、大班幼兒的社會支配性有關。第二階段行為觀察的結果則發現，社會支配性高的幼兒多是雙策略控制者與利社會策略控制者；隨年齡上升，幼兒會增加利社會控制策略之使用；幼兒控制策略的使用因對象而異，高社會支配性幼兒與高社會支配性幼兒互動時，較多使用利社會的策略，與一般幼兒或低社會支配性幼兒互動時，則較多使用強制策略。本研究結果可增進吾人對幼兒社會支配性之瞭解，也提供家長與教育工作者之參考。

This study was designed to investigate the phenomenon of young children's social dominance. The study evaluated age and sex differences and assessed the associations between parenting, moral behavior, social dominance and the resource control strategies of young children. The study was divided into two stages. In the first stage, a total of 110 preschoolers (ages 4-6) were rated by their teachers on social dominance and moral behavior and their parents filled in the parenting behavior questionnaire. In the second stage, 30 highly dominant children were rated by their teachers on resource control strategies and observed resource control behavior in a play situation. The study determined that young children's social dominance increased with age. A significant difference in social dominance was evident between age groups but not between sexes. Children's social dominance was correlated with negative parenting and children's moral behaviors. In parenting, six-year-old children's social dominance was correlated with the deprivation of rights. Five-year-old children's social dominance was correlated with corporal punishment parenting. Children's moral behaviors improved along with the age increase and were highly correlated with social dominance. After controlling for the age difference, moral behaviors and social dominance were still correlated. As evident in the observation of various age groups' resource control behaviors, the highly social dominant children exhibited stronger resource control strategies. Most of them were bistrategic controllers and prosocial controllers. The use of the prosocial control strategy increased along with age but the coercive control strategy did not. The top two prosocial control strategies the children employed were giving suggestions and offering objects, and the least used strategy was verbally misleading a partner. The top two coercive control strategies the children employed were taking objects directly and thwarting a partner, and the least used strategy was physical aggressiveness. Highly dominant children tend to use the prosocial control strategy when interacting with other highly dominant children. However, when interacting with low-dominance children, they tend to use the coercive control strategy. The study not only improved our understanding in young children's social dominance, but also provides a reference for parents and educators.