1920年代臺灣的書房教育：以鄭家珍《客中日誌》為觀察中心

Traditional Private Study Education in Taiwan of 1920s: Zheng Jiazhen's Diary of a Guest as Observation Focus

鄭家珍舉人原籍臺灣新竹，乙未割臺後回歸祖籍地福建南安，以教職為業，1913年因堪輿盛名受邀返臺，為鄭如蘭勘定葬地；1919年起更膺新竹北門鄭家之聘擔任西席，此後寓臺共計八載。大抵，鄭氏在臺期間，主要職務為書房教師，對於新竹地區的漢學傳承有其影響力。而寓居新竹從事漢文書房教育時，鄭家珍恰好身處1920年代臺灣教育重大轉折階段，隨著新教育令頒布和相關政策的規範，一方面新式公學校數量逐漸增加，但另一方面校內漢文授課時數卻大幅減少，民間書房被迫受檢，甚或遭遇取締，導致漢文教育發生危機，則此時書房教師角色為何？書房教育何以進行？對此，筆者因緣際會整理、出版鄭家珍在臺《客中日誌》8本，所記時間從1923年9月23日至1926年8月18日止，其內容具有歷史、文學、堪輿、教育等面向意義；在此，筆者特別留意日記中存錄這位清代舉人，返回臺灣新竹開設書房教書的諸多情景，例如上課時段、學生人數、教學課程與內容、學生出席情形、學費收入、書房申請，以及書房教學和傳統詩社關係等。上述細節，無疑可以提供吾人觀察1920年代臺灣面臨新式教育推行、挑戰下，傳統書房教育的運作狀態，以及鄭氏身為教師對於傳統漢文書房教育的規畫與期待，可謂理解相關議題的極佳入徑，故本文特就此進行分析。

After Japanese invasion of Taiwan in 1895, Zheng Jiazhen, a juren (first-degree/ provincial certified scholar) born in Hsinchu, Taiwan, migrated back to his ancestral hometown, Nan'an, Fujian, and made his living as a teacher. In 1913, as a well-known feng shui (Chinese geomancy) master, Jiazhen was invited to Taiwan to find a good burial place for a local gentry, Zheng Rulan. In 1919, Zheng Rulan's descendants employed Jiazhen as their family teacher. During his eight-year stay as a teacher of this renowned Zheng family of North Gate of Hsinchu, Jiazhen had significant impact on the traditional Chinese-language education in Hsinchu area. On one hand, Taiwan of the 1920s was undergoing educational reform with new laws and policies introduced by the Japanese colonial government. Public schools were increasing but with classes taught in Chinese language decreasing. Traditional private studies were under close scrutiny or even banned. All these posed threat to Chineselanguage learning and education in Taiwan. Under this situation, what was the role played by teachers of traditional studies? How did traditional studies survive? Diary of a Guest is Jiazhen's journal from 1923 to1926, in which he wrote about history, literature, feng shui, and education. In particular, his records of teaching hours, number of students, timetable and curriculum, attendance, school fee, school application, and the relationship between schools of traditional studies and poetry societies were precious historical materials for researching and reconstructing the operation of tradition private study education in Taiwan of 1920s. Jiazhen's diary also served as a good starting point for understanding the challenges faced by school of traditional studies under the new colonial educational reform and Jiazhen's plan and vision for traditional Chinese-language studies.