災難中的原住民族社會工作：以莫拉克颱風災後原鄉族人的異地安置經驗為例

Indigenous Social Work in Disaster: A Study of Indigenous Peoples' Experiences of Emergency Relocation after Typhoon Morakot

為何官方眼中理想的災難安置政策卻造成原住民族人痛苦的經驗？從莫拉克颱風災後原鄉族人被異地安置的經驗，如何學習原住民族社會工作的精神與方法？和原住民族一起工作應具備何種文化能力？本文以「消除各種形式之種族歧視」及「爭取原住民族集體文化權」為指標，以建制民族誌為研究方法，探索災後異地安置現場實作如何和族人真實需求產生斷裂，以「文化安全」為核心價值，借鏡思考如何培育災難中社會工作者的文化能力。研究發現顯示，許多災難現場的歧視觀點看似平凡，卻因背後的意識形態符碼挾帶著國家機器、社福體制、宗教團體之管理主義與殖民主義等結構性的不平等，形成制度性的歧視；安置過程中族人文化認同與需求被否認與貶抑，缺乏文化安全的對待。安置政策與論述將原鄉族人污名化為「受災的弱者」、「福利的依賴者」、「宗教的他者」、「野蠻的他者」、「環境的破壞者」、「不健康的他者」、「順從的敬拜者」及「都市的他者」。若從原住民族集體文化權來思考，族人需要（一）部落集體自治自決的權利、（二）部落選擇留在原鄉居住及臨時中繼安置的權利、（三）國家政策在執行前應取得部落諮詢同意的權利。為避免再製族人成為災難中的他者、社會工作的客體、文化自治權被社會福利所取代的現象，本文倡議以反種族歧視及尊重原住民族集體文化權利為基礎的原住民族社會工作，並以文化安全的角度來省思社工員所應具備的文化能力之內涵。

Why has the disaster relocation policy, ideal in the official eyes, become the worst experience for the indigenous people? By looking into indigenous people's experiences of emergency relocation after Typhoon Morakot, this article asks what are the spirit and method of indigenous social work? What kinds of cultural competences are needed when working with the indigenous people? This paper adopts institutional ethnography as the research method to investigate the break between indigenous people's real needs and social work practices at the post-disaster relocation site. The research finds that the workers in the relocation site constructed the welfare needs of the indigenous people with their managerial thinking and Buddhist culture. Indigenous people were treated by cultural unsafe practices. During the process, they were stigmatized as ＂vulnerable victims＂, ＂welfare dependents＂, ＂the religious other＂, ＂the barbarous other＂, ＂environmental destroyers＂, ＂the unhealthy other＂, ＂obedient worshipers＂, and ＂urban wonders＂. They became victims of racial discrimination and the object of social work. To counter racial discrimination, the paper argues that on the base of indigenous collective cultural rights, indigenous peoples (a) would need time and space to achieve collective autonomy of self-governing and self-determination, (b) should have the right to choose to stay in the traditional territory and temporary emergence relocation after disaster, and (c) should have the right to be consulted by any state policies taking place. The research finds that the state replaced cultural autonomy with social welfare after Typhoon Morakot. Moreover, the social welfare system placed indigenous people as the object of social work in the relocation policy. This paper advocates that elements of cultural competences should be based on cultural safety, anti-racial discrimination and respect for the collective cultural right of the indigenous people.