“物權編”與“合同編”體系化視角下的應收賬款質押制度重構

The Legislative Reform of the Pledge of Receivables in the Codification of Property Part and Contract Part of Chinese Civil Code

《物權法》第223條、第227條構建了獨立的、不同於債權轉讓的應收賬款質押制度。應收賬款概念的高度技術性使其可以涵蓋當前大部分收益權類型，無須用收益權替代應收賬款。應收賬款質押之擔保性債權讓與的交易本質要求對應收賬款質押和讓與做同質化處理，並實行統一的登記對抗主義公示模式。登記對於確立應收賬款之上的權利衝突具有根本性價值，而“通知”對於應收賬款質權僅具有有限的意義，經登記的應收賬款質權具有優先於受讓人、抵銷權人的效力。民法典物權編的編纂應當明確應收賬款質押和轉讓的法律規則的性質，為統一的電子登記公示系統奠定堅實的制度基礎，徹底消除《物權法》應收賬款質押與《合同法》債權轉讓的制度藩籬，實現民事立法科學性與實踐性的融合。

Article 223 and article 227 of 'Real Property Law' establish a separated legal regime for the pledge of receivables, distinct to that for the assignment of receivables. The technical concept of receivables covers the most important categories of the rights to earnings, which is already adopted in the draft of Civil Code to substitute the concept of receivables. The identical nature of the pledge of receivables, namely security transfer of receivables, and the assignment of receivables, requires the Civil Code to establish a uniform perfection regime for them, namely recording just to the extent to be effective against the third parties, not for the attachment of the pledge. The perfection through electronic recording is fundamental to resolve the conflict of rights among interested parties, and the perfected receivables pledges shall be granted priority against the transferee and the parties claiming the rights of offset, while the 'notice' to the subordinated debtor only functions in a limited circumstances. The chapter of 'Real Property' of the future Civil Code shall clarify the nature of the rules on the pledge and assignment of account receivables, so as to lay down a robust foundation for the uniform electronic recording system and resolve the potential institutional conflict between the legal framework on the pledge of receivables in the 'Real Property Law' and that on the assignment of receivables in the 'Contract Law', and thus modernize the future civil legislation.