論我國土地登記機關之審查權限

Review Authority of Taiwan's Land Registration Offices

於我國學說通說上，對於我國登記機關之審查權限，向來係以所謂權利登記制度係採實質審查主義、契據登記係採形式審查主義之觀念，而我國係採權利登記制故應採實質審查。然而，學說上對於實質審查、形式審查概念之內涵，眾說紛紜，且實務上對我國究採何種審查制度，相關見解及做法分歧。是以，有釐清及界定之必要。本文主要是採文獻分析法，以法解釋論之觀點，藉由耙梳我國學說之起源，並分析外國（日本）學說對不動產登記審查制度立法例之看法，期供詮釋我國登記機關審查權限之參酌。根據研究成果顯示，我國學說上之通說，係起源於史尚寬等早期學說，而其係繼受自同時期之日本學說，主要者如杉之原舜一之學說；惟此等學說早已被推翻，但我們現在仍然一個接著一個繼續援用既有學說。另外，對於土地登記機關之審查權限，無論是採權利登記制度或契據登記制度之審查制度，於現今係僅得謂採形式審查制度；若此，就我國而言，亦僅得謂採形式審查主義。惟此形式審查主義並非我國學說上傳統之看法，而是就審查對象上言，不僅及於登記法上對於登記申請所定之形式要件具有審查權限，亦及於實體法上不動產權利關係如何等實體要件；另就審查方法言，主要是採「消極性」、「書面審查」之方法。無論如何，重要者是，關於我國登記機關之審查制度，法無明文，惟事涉及人民權利義務之事項，亟待儘速檢討並重行建構，以利確保不動產交易安全與人民財產權。 Regarding the review authority of land registration agencies, domestic theories in general propose either substantive examination for rights registration system or formality examination for deeds registration. Considering that Taiwan's registration offices employ rights registration system, substantive examination should be applied. However, doctrines have different opinions on the connotations of substantive and formality examinations; moreover, no agreement is reached regarding the type of review system Taiwan should employ, rendering divergent opinions and practices. Therefore, clarification and definition are needed. This study mainly adopted literature analysis method and judicial interpretation perspective to organize early domestic theories and analyze foreign (i.e., Japanese) theories on the legislation procedures of real estate registration review system, thereby addressing the review authority of registration agencies in Taiwan. According to the results, the general domestic theories originated from the early doctrines proposed by Shih Shang-kuan and were subsequently influenced by Japanese doctrines from the same period, primarily the theories developed by Shun'ichi Suginohara. Although these doctrines have long been subverted, they are still being cited to this day. Regarding the review authority of land registration offices, only the formality examination is allowed in the current domestic review system, regardless of whether it is for deeds or rights registration. However, this form of the review system defers from the conventional domestic theories. Regarding the review subjects, formality examination system warrants the authority to review the formal requirements for registration application under the registration law as well as substantive requirements under the substantive law (rights regarding real estates). In addition, the review method is mainly based on passivity and documentary review methods. even though the review system of Taiwan's registration agencies is closely related to the rights and obligations of people, no existing law regulates relevant affairs. This is a problem that needs urgent solution and must be reviewed and reestablished promptly, so as to ensure the security of real estate transactions and property rights of the people.