語料庫為本的中文離合詞研究——以動賓式離合詞離析態下的語法結構與語義功能為主

Corpus-Based Study of Mandarin Separable Words–Based on the Grammatical Structure and Semantic Function of the Separated Type in V-O Construction

離合詞是指在中文裡具備離析與結合兩種表達形式的結構，它是口語中最常使用，也是學生逃避現象最明顯的教學難點之一。根據前人研究及中介語語料顯示，華語學習者對離合詞的中插成分的序位及語義（或語用）功能難以掌握，因此本文以離合詞離析態為主，結合語料庫語言學的研究方法，利用標記語料庫提取離合詞的中插結構，並藉助詞類標記輔助分析中插結構成分，得出10種核心成分，再依據語法邏輯及語料實例進行排序說明，定出「補語＞時貌標記＞名物化標記＞關聯對象＞定詞＞數詞＞量詞＞形容詞／名詞性定語／複雜定語」的基本語序，依此進一步說明離合詞中插成分的語法限制，作為解說偏誤現象的依據。從中介語語料和母語者語料對比中，本文也發現學習者在離合詞的使用情境上與母語者差異很大，因此建議應以離合詞詞頻統計表、中插成分組合表、語義功能類型表等客觀統計資料，作為編寫離合詞教材的參考。 “Separable words” are words that can either be separated or combined in Mandarin Chinese. This is one of the most commonly used forms of expression in the spoken Mandarin. It is also one of the most difficult structures and one that most students try to avoid. According to past research findings and the analysis of the interlanguage corpus, the grammatical order and semantic (or pragmatic) functions of separable words are among the most challenging of learning needs; therefore, this paper focuses on the “separated” type of separable words. By adopting the methods of corpus linguistics, we first extract the intervening structure of the separable words from the Sinica corpus, and then segment the structural component by original part-of-speech. We end up acquiring 10 core components of the intervening structure of separable words, and sort them in the following order: “complement of Verb > aspect marker > DE the nominalized marker > object of Verb > determiner > number > quantifier > adjective/noun phrase modifier/verb phrase modifier” in accordance with syntactic theory and the instances of the Sinica corpus. We also indicate the syntactic restrictions on the interposing elements of separable words, which can then be used as the bases for error-sentence correction. Moreover, through a comparison of the usages of learners and of native speakers, we find that the current textbook examples seem not to meet the practical needs of students and teachers. This observation suggests that the frequency table of separable words and the frequency table of interposed elements analysis should be adopted as a reference for separable-words teaching.