宋詞中「傷春」與「離情」兩種情感特質

Two Emotional Traits of ''Sad in Spring'' and ''Separating Feelings'' in Song Ci

詞是一種倚聲之學，本出於民間樂工之手，自中唐入文人之手，詞的特質由焉產生，即以歌臺舞榭的寫作目的為主，尤以晚唐溫庭筠開風氣之先，溫庭筠用心創作，使詞體作進一步的發展。各種文體皆有生命，以至其殆盡為止，詞體之發展亦伴隨時代之不同而有所不同。宋詞比唐詩而言，情深韻勝。情深是把感情寫得更婉轉，或更深刻，或更細膩。韻勝是形式上的再表現，配合演唱，使詞增加更多的韻味。王國維說詞「要眇宜修」就是點出「詞」這種文體的最大特色。「傷春」、「離情」是古代詩歌當作很重要的母題，「詞」這種文體更能把此主題發揮的更好。本文嘗試就宋詞的發展中各種詞作所表現的兩種情感特質加以論析，以呈現宋詞中的情感世界。傷春題材的詞作起先是以閨怨為主，所寫皆是主人翁的敏銳情緒，幽緲動人。之後文人多借傷春，寫出個人之身世之感。傷春重在有己身出發，對於季節變化相當敏感，藉著對春天的敏銳觀察而帶出自己的個人身世之感為主。離別主題的詞作起先以情人分別為主，但入於文人之手久矣，詞的題材與筆法逐漸擴充，亦能寫朋友、家人之別離之情。「離情別緒」著重與他人的情意，因此離別情緒抒發顯得更多面，情感更濃厚，更具有感染力。 Ci is a study based on the sound and it originated from works of folk musicians. Then, through the efforts of the literary creators in the middle period of the Tang Dynasty, the characteristics of Ci appeared; that is, the purposes of writing Ci were mainly for songs and dances on stage. Wen Ting -Yun in the late Tang especially opened up the first trend of the atmosphere. He was greatly devoted to creation of Ci, which made it have further development. As we know, all kinds of genres have their own lives until they die out. The development of the genres varies from times to times. Compared with the Tang poetry, Song Ci are richer in feelings and forms. “Richer feelings” means that love is written more subtly, more profoundly, or more delicate. “Richer forms” refers to re-present diverse forms in association with singing, which increases more tastes. As Wang Guo-wei said, '' Ci must be “graceful and delicate “, which shows the most distinctive feature of ''Ci''. ''Sad in spring ''and ''Separating feelings'' are the very important subjects of ancient poetry. Without doubt, the style of ''Ci'' can make the two subjects perform better. This paper attempts to analyze the two emotional traits of the works of Ci in the progress of the Song Ci in order to present the emotional world of the Song Ci. Regarding “Sad in spring”, in the beginning, it is based on the theme of lonely women at home. The poems written by the masters with keen emotions were extremely serene and touching. Afterwards, by using this subject the writers expressed their feelings about their lives. Such works focus on a personal life experience and sensitivity about weather changes. By means of their sharp observations about the spring, the writers showed the emotions in their personal life. As to the theme of “separating feeling”, it mainly connects with separation of lovers at first, but the writers extend the theme and writing styles. Then they also wrote down the emotions of separation among friends or family. “Separating feelings” emphasize the emotions of interacting with others; therefore, such poems appear to have richer emotions and get more contagious.