國民政府籌設猶太寄居區域計畫始末

1930年代末期的中國，面對著日德同盟確立，中德間軍事合作、易貨貿易之終止，中德之間的友誼面臨轉變之際，國府計劃為納粹德國反猶運動，所造成之全球性猶太難民問題提出解決之道，一方面使猶太難民得以在華安生立命，並期望以其專業知識、才能，促使原人煙稀少之西南邊區的經濟發展、交通建設、資源開發，另一方面，亦可營造出中國人道救援之國際形象，使西方國家轉而注意中國，進而給予孤軍奮戰之中國實質援助，以因應中日衝突不斷的擴大之下，對中國產生如物資短缺、經濟建設停滯等負面影響。抗戰不僅改變體制，使戰時機制獨特化、效率化，更左右了國府策略與計畫的提出與執行，當外交與內政相互影響、彼此延續之下，國府外交策略之提出，如何將多方因素綜合考慮，使政治、外交、經濟、軍事等範疇皆達到效益最大化。縱然猶太人在華寄居區域劃設案最終因故未能實施，且國府對於猶太難民問題亦非有全面的認識與理解，惟此計畫之提出背景、籌議過程中，揭示出國府對國際議題的關注及政治外交策略交互運用的努力，以打破中國孤立抗戰、中央及地方角力、經貿停滯、難民問題等紛雜交錯之窘境。故本文藉由1939年，國民政府計劃於西南地區設立猶太人寄居區域的背景與過程，探討抗戰時期國府決策產生與籌議間，當外交策略有所轉變，如何就國際性議題提出因應之道，以達到對外營造正面國際形象、對內發展西南邊區經濟建設等雙重目的。 At the end of the 1930s, China faced the Japan-German allied. Meanwhile, Sino-German military and trade corporation almost broke off. During the time of Sino-German relation transition, the nationalist government tried to solve the international Jewish refugee problem, which caused by Nazi Germany. This plan not only made Jewish refugees settle down in China but also expected to use the Jewish refugees' expertise, promoting the economy and transport infrastructure development of the sparsely populated southwest region. On the other hand, it could represent China as a figure of humanitarian aiding and let western country pay attention to China, furthermore, giving substantive assistance to China whom were fighting alone. It could cope with the war escalating, which brought about the negative effect on China, such as shortage of goods and materials, stagnation of the economy and infrastructure. The war of resistance changed not only the government's policy-making process which was unique and effective but also how plans to be drawn up and executed. When the diplomacy and internal affairs had an impact on each other, government brought into foreign policy, which to make a comprehensive consideration so that had the great benefit on the politics, diplomacy, economy and military domain. Although this plan did not carry out finally for some reason, it also reflected that the government did not fully realize the Jewish refugee problem. However, the discussion of this plan also showed that the government kept an eye on international issues and tried to make the utmost of politics and diplomacy, breaking out China's dilemma during the wartime. This article focuses on the nationalist government planning for a Jewish settlement in southwest China in 1939, of which background and the government's process of policy-making during the wartime, discussing how the government to bring in a solution of international issue, which can achieve a double goal: constructing a positive image to the outside and internally developing economic construction in the southwest region.