清代輿圖所見地理環境變遷與地名沿革——以琿春河流域為中心

清代繪製全國輿圖肇始於康熙朝，當時完成的《皇輿全覽圖》是中外輿圖工作者共同實地測繪的成果，該圖除滿文以外，還有漢文和法文版。康熙朝以後，全國輿圖繪製工作並未中斷，不同時期繪製的輿圖對琿春河流域地理資訊的描繪都略有不同，其中，地名的增減部分是最引人矚目的，這種情況直到同治朝沒有出現大的變化。然而，光緒朝以後，這種情況就完全被打破，原始地理資訊變得異常複雜，甚至影響滿語文走向沒落。由此而帶來的文化衝突，是清朝主政者始料未及的，這種現象只能看作是一種時代變化的潮流。 The first territorial map of the Qing dynasty was completed during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor (reign: 1661-1772). The Kangxi Imperial Atlas of China (Huangyu quanlan tu) was an achievement involving the labors of both Chinese and foreign cartographers. It was published in Manchu, Chinese, and French versions. After Kangxi's reign, the practice of drawing territorial maps continued without pause. This paper examines territorial maps produced during the Qing dynasty, with a focus on maps of the Hunchun River basin located in present-day Northeast China. Its most remarkable finding concerns place names: from the reign of Kangxi to that of Tongzhi (reign: 1861-1875), place names in the Hunchun River basin changed only slightly; but then, starting with the reign of the Guangxu Emperor (reign: 1875-1908), new place names begin to proliferate. These new place names are indicative of an influx of Han Chinese into the region, and suggest the decline of Manchu language and culture. The resulting cultural conflicts and changes were events that could not have been foreseen by the rulers of the Qing dynasty.