賊諜四出廣招徠：鄭氏諜報網、清帝國初期的東南海島認識與《臺灣略圖》

Spies Delegated and Recruited: Zheng Espionage Network, Qing's Knowledge of Islands, and Taiwan Lue Tu

藉由滿、漢文史料，本文一方面探索明清鼎革之際，鄭氏所建立的諜報網如何運作；另一方面則瞭解清帝國如何透過該諜報網絡、降將認識「征服前」的福建沿海海島和域外臺灣的地理知識。根據本文，鄭氏諜報網不僅有著詳盡的分工、從事精密的敵後工作、更遍及各省，提供東南海疆邊陲鄭氏決定戰略的資訊。與此同時，大清帝國也反向利用鄭氏諜報人員的供詞、主動派出間諜、蒐羅鄭氏降將的資訊，在征服臺灣前接收關於東南沿海海島的認識。收藏於國立故宮博物院的滿、漢文版本《臺灣略圖》，即是在這樣的背景下，一方面作為降將規劃的軍事作戰計畫，另一方面也成為帝國理解臺灣的呈現。這樣理解知識的過程，不僅一方面體現了身為近現代普世帝國的特質，同時也展現了征服過程中帝國與邊區的其中一種互動。因此，瞭解鄭氏諜報網絡和清帝國探知沿海情報，本文希冀能將清、鄭對峙放在近年受到帝國史影響下的清史、臺灣史脈絡下，藉以討論抵抗的邊區如何探知帝國，以及帝國如何認識未征服的邊區。 With references to historical materials in Manchu and Chinese languages, this article analyzes how the espionage network established by the Zheng family operated during the Ming-Qing transition, and explores how the Qing Empire used intelligence from this network to acquire knowledge of islands on the southeastern coast and Taiwan before their conquest in 1683. This article argues that the Zheng espionage network conducted secret spying missions in China proper collecting detailed intelligence, which was in turned obtained by the Qing Empire, also through espionage, for learning about Taiwan and the neighboring islands prior to conquering them. The Taiwan Lue Tu (the brief map of Taiwan), archived at the National Palace Museum, was drafted under this background. This sketch map not only served military purposes but also constituted the basic understanding of the Qing Empire on Taiwan. The cartography of Taiwan included the Chinese version made by the Zheng commanders and the Manchu version constructed by the Qing court. Manchu descriptions on the map reveal that the Qing court perceived itself as a universal empire. By understanding how the Zheng espionage network operated and how the Qing Empire exploited its intelligence, this article examines how the Qing court transformed Taiwan into an imperial borderland within the context of imperial history.