第三人驚嚇損害之研究－－以德國與我國民法之發展走向為討論中心

第三人驚嚇損害，常見於第三人因當場目睹或事後獲悉受直接侵害對象遭遇死亡或受傷等侵害事故，受有驚嚇致精神受創之情形中討論。在此類案例中，德國過去長期以來，係由受驚嚇第三人之健康權是否受侵害出發，探討其請求損害賠償之合理性與必要性。與此相關之議題，尚包括請求權人之範疇，以及受驚嚇第三人應否承擔受直接侵害對象之與有過失等。而隨著德國於2017年7月22日生效之「遺族慰撫金請求權法」正式肯認死者遺族得請求慰撫金後，遺族慰撫金請求權與受驚嚇第三人之侵權行為損害賠償請求權，兩者相輔建構出德國民法上更完善的保障系統。相較之下，我國對於環繞著第三人驚嚇損害而生之法律問題，尚有待更細緻地釐清其面貌，以免相關當事人無所適從。而德國實務與學說上之研究脈絡及發展現況，可供我國在反思、並進一步開展相關討論之餘，作為借鏡參考。 Nervous shock discussed in the present article refers to the psychological trauma from shock caused by witnessing death, injury or such damages to a direct victim, or learning about the same after the event. Traditionally in past cases in Germany, the rationality and necessity of damage awards have been considered based on whether the health of the third party suffering from shock is infringed upon. Related topics include the scope of the claimant, and whether or not the third party suffering from shock shall bear a comparative negligence of the direct victim. With the coming into effect of the “Bereavement Damages Claim Act” on July 22, 2017 in Germany thereby confirming that the bereaved family may request pain and suffering damages, bereavement damages claim and tort claims complementarily create a more comprehensive protection system. Relatively speaking, laws relating to nervous shock in our country are yet to be clarified in more detail, so as to not leave related parties in a helpless situation. Theoretical and practical research and development in Germany can provide a reference for our country in addition to reflection and further related discussions.