從若干字詞用法談清華簡《繫年》的作者及文本構成

A Linguistic Analysis of the Author and Text Formation of Xinian on the Bamboo Slips Collected by Tsinghua University

《繫年》是清華簡中重要的一部史書體裁文獻。本文根據「及／與」、「于／於」、「焉」及「使」等字詞在先秦傳世文獻、出土文獻及《繫年》中的用法及分布，對《繫年》的文本構成方式及作者的國別問題做了進一步的論證。本文的結論是，根據「及／與」、「于／於」的用法，《繫年》是一部雜糅新舊史料的史書體裁著作；根據「焉」、「使」的用法，《繫年》則顯示出楚方言的特色。亦即《繫年》的作者應為楚人或熟悉楚國語言文字習慣之人，而《繫年》的文本構成方式則為採取各個不同時代的史料編纂而成。在編纂的過程中，作者一方面有承襲原始史料用字而不加改變的習慣，一方面也融入了自己的方言成分，使得文本呈現若干楚國特殊的語言文字現象。 Xinian 繫年is an important historical document on bamboo slips collected by Tsinghua University. This paper analyzes the uses and distribution of ＂ji及/yu與,＂ ＂yu于/yu於,＂ ＂yan焉＂ and ＂shi使＂ in three kinds of documents: Xinian, excavated documents, and documents handed down from the Pre-Qin 秦. This paper presents some arguments about these issues and draws the following conclusions: the usages of ＂ji/yu＂ and ＂yu/yu＂ show that Xinian was miscellaneous historical writing composed of old and new historical documents; and the usages of ＂yan＂ and ＂shi＂ are characteristic of the dialect of Chu 楚 State. In other words, the author of Xinian was likely a person (persons) from Chu State or someone who was familiar with the language and characters of Chu State, and the text of Xinian was formed from historical documents belonging to different periods. When composing the text of Xinian, the author(s) inherited some original historical documents without changing their content, but also mixed in some of the local dialect, resulting in a text with some special linguistic features and characters from Chu State.