台灣城市治理的困境與出路－－從Lefebvre「對於城市的權利」談起

Predicament and Way Out of City Governance in Taiwan An Analysis from Lefebvre's “Right to the City”

台灣城市治理在都市化與全球化浪潮下，使得居民人權不斷面臨挑戰。晚近法國新馬克思主義空間理論學者Henri Lefebvre提出「對於城市的權利」（the right to the city），對於新自由主義思潮下的主流政治經濟論述提出批判回應。本文以歷史文獻分析法從全球化下城市發展問題及城市權利規範倡議面向，論析「對於城市的權利」內涵，繼而探討台灣城市發展治理過程中有關「對於城市的權利」爭辯性，最後探討該概念在台灣城市民主治理進程中對於促進居民人權保障之啟發意涵。本文研究認為，台灣城市發展治理過程中過度以城市空間交換價值主宰凌駕於使用價值之弊病，導致城市居民民主與公民權衰落現象；台灣城市治理當局、企業、地方派系形成的非正式但相對穩定政權聯盟，以及社會運動者自身面臨建構跨域非政治性認同聯盟遭遇之挑戰，皆使得以「對於城市的權利」概念推動新公民身份權利與新社會契約規範立法遭遇莫大阻力。儘管如此，包括台灣在內有關全球城市權利運動和積極政策作為，仍可望對既有民主體制產生創造性衝撞作用。面對城市發展規劃諸多迷思，仍賴更多城市居民形成以人權取向為發展依歸之市民文化底蘊，方能超越烏托邦理念與激進社會革命兩者之純粹爭辯，從而建構更具實際存在感之「對於城市的權利」。 Under a wave of urbanization and globalization, Taiwan's city governance is facing the challenge of protecting the human rights of city residents. The French neo-Marxist of space theory, Henri Lefebvre, proposed the idea of the “right to the city” together with city governance initiatives and social movements based on this concept, offering a critical response to the political and economic discourses of neoliberalism. This paper applies analysis of historical documents, analyzing the content of Henri Lefebvre's “right to the city” from the perspective of city development under globalization, the development of the city rights movement and norms initiatives. This paper explores the concept of the “right to the city” for the promotion of the human rights of residents in the process of city governance in Taiwan and as the future development strategy of the city rights movement. This paper argues that Taiwan's experience shows that in the process of city development and governance, much of the city space is dominated by its exchange value rather its use value, and also resulted in the decline of democracy and enfranchisement in cities. The informal but relatively stable alliance between Taiwan's city governance authorities, enterprises and local factions as well as the challenges faced by social activists in creating collective nonpolitical identities mean that when city rights activists promote legislation for new citizenship rights and a new social contract based on the concept of the “right to the city”, they have encountered strong resistance. However, city social movements and proactive city policies around the world, including in Taiwan, may produce a creative collision with existing democratic institutions. In the face of various myths about city development planning, there is growing dependence on city residents to form a civil cultural based on human rights orientated development. This possibility may transcend the pure argument between utopian ideals and radical social revolutions, thereby constructing a “right to the city” with a real presence.