從恆春地區禦番傳說與諺語探究族群關係與歷史

Exploring Ethnic Relations and History from the Legends of Yufan and Proverbs in the Hengchun Region

清同治13年（1874），日本政府假藉琉球漂民事件興兵犯臺，攻打琅嶠地區的原住民。當時奉命來臺備戰的大臣沈葆楨，即建議清廷要有效遏止列強對臺灣南部與東部番地的野心，亟需推動開山撫番政策及琅嶠設縣，以強化清廷在番地的實質統治權，光緒元年（1875）恆春縣始正式設置。但是隨之而來的漢民入墾，侵擾到琅嶠十八社原住民的生存領域，導致漢原紛擾愈演愈烈。影響所及，恆春地區漢原對峙的問題，也充分反映在當地的傳說及諺語之中。本文以恆春地區的傳說和諺語為探究主題，逐項對照史冊典籍，經分析整理的結論如下：1、舉凡鄭成功插旗、破壞風水、神明顯靈與人物等傳說，以及「車城人睹（碰）到牡丹番」等俗諺，確實能鮮活顯示漢人開拓恆春地區過程中，漢原彼此仇視敵對的史實。2、恆春開發歷史上，客家人與原住民關係密切，共同對抗閩南人，此現象亦清楚反映於神明戰爭傳說中。故自此方向著手探究，的確有助於明白恆春地區複雜的族群網絡，並了解漢原糾葛的歷史淵源。 In 13th years of Tongzhi (1874), Japan invaded Taiwan with the reason of occurrence of Mudan Incident, and attacked the indigenous people in Longkiau area. Shen Baozhen, who received the order of preparing for war in Taiwan, suggested that the Qing government must effectively stop the Great Foreign Powers' ambition toward southern and eastern Taiwan where indigenous people reside. The policy of Build the Road and Pacify Aboriginals and the setting of authority in Longkiau must be conducted in order to strengthen the government's sovereignty in indigenous people's land. In 1st year of Guangxu (1875), Hengchun County was officially set. However, the following exploitation of Han people had violated the living area of 18 tribes of indigenous people in Longkiau. The conflict between the two became fiercer. With such influences, the historical truths of confrontation between Han people and indigenous people in Hengchun region are also fully reflected in local legends and proverbs. This study takes the legends and proverbs in Hengchun region as the theme. With the comparisons, analysis, and arrangement of historical literatures, the conclusions are as follows: (1) the legends of Zheng Chenggong's placing of the flag, destruction of geomancy, and the presence of the gods and the proverbs of “Checheng's citizen encounters with the Mudan people” can vividly show the historical truth of the hatred and hostility between Han people and indigenous people during the former's exploitation in Hengchun region. (2) In the history of the development of Hengchun, Hakka people had a strong relationship with indigenous people, co-confronting the Hoklo people. This phenomenon is clearly reflected in the legends of deity's conflicts as well. Thus, such research direction is indeed helpful for understanding the complicated group network in Hengchun region and the origin of the entanglement of Han people and indigenous people.