跨太平洋夥伴協定草約勞工專章的制度途徑與執行機制分析

An Analysis of Institutional Approach and Enforcement Mechanisms in Labor Chapter of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement Draft

本文從「制度途徑分析」的角度，探討跨太平洋夥伴協定草約勞工專章在談判過程中的國際衝突與妥協方式，對於勞工專章的制度途徑與執行機制內容的影響。研究發現，美國與越南、馬來西亞、汶萊等開發中國家的衝突焦點在於「勞工專章是否納入爭端解決機制」，而妥協性作法為美國與三國分別訂立雙邊協議。而比較分析三項雙邊協議與勞工專章的執行機制後發現：雖然勞工專章與三項雙邊協議都採取「條件性-促進性」的制度途徑，但是其執行機制內涵卻呈現出一種「層級化的執行機制體系」，其造成的可能影響是：越南、汶萊、馬來西亞三國在實際執行時，受到「執行機制相對不足」的影響，將導致勞工專章宣示的「提升勞工權益」目標以及執行義務，在貫徹執行的落實程度上受到相對的限制。 From the viewpoint of institutional approach, this article analyzes the influence of the international conflict and compromise in the negotiation process on the contents of institutional approach and enforcement mechanisms in labor chapter of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement Draft. The first main finding is that the conflict focus on ＂whether labor chapter included in dispute settlement mechanisms＂ between United States and Vietnam, Malaysia and Brunei. As a result, the compromise outcome is that United States respectively signed bilateral agreements with Vietnam, Malaysia and Brunei. The second main finding is that although labor chapter and three bilateral agreements all adopting the ＂conditional-promotional＂ institutional approach, but all enforcement mechanisms constructed a kind of ＂hierarchical system of enforcement mechanisms＂. As a result, it is likely to produce impact: the labor chapter declared the goals of ＂enhance labor rights＂ will decreased relatively in the actual implementation in Vietnam, Malaysia and Brunei, resulting from the relative lack of enforcement mechanisms in the three bilateral agreements.