牟宗三哲學中的具體的普遍

The Concrete Universal in Mou Zongsan's Philosophy

「具體的普遍」是牟宗三（1909－1995）哲學方法中的重要概念，牟宗三在形上學、倫理學與歷史哲學的脈絡中使用此一概念。對牟宗三而言，具體的普遍性是作為精神實體的本心的性質。本心是普遍的，因為它是應對個別情境、發動道德行為的能力；它是具體的，因為作為能力，它只對於個別情境的應對中，才有確定的內容。然而牟宗三也因為每一個人各自以不同的方式與程度表現本心，稱之為具體的普遍。本心為具體的普遍的觀念，植基於牟宗三的道德的形上學，並蘊涵了一個特殊的道德行動的主張。 The “concrete universal” is a key concept in Mou Zongsan's 牟宗三 (1909- 1995) philosophy. Mou makes use of this concept in his metaphysics, ethics and philosophy of history. According to Mou, concrete universality is an attribute of the original heart as a spiritual substance. The original heart is universal since it is the faculty that initiates moral actions in response to individual situations. It is concrete in that it has a determinate content only in its response to a given situation. However, Mou also characterizes the original heart as a concrete universal because every individual person displays the original heart in his own way and in a different degree. Rooted in Mou's moral metaphysics, the idea that the original heart is a concrete universal implies a specific doctrine of moral action.