當代單邊主義與多邊主義的碰撞及其發展前景

The Collision between Unilateralism and Multilateralism and Its Prospects

單邊主義或多邊主義是對國家行為的描述，判斷的標準是其是否遵循現有的多邊規則。現有多邊規則建立在國家主權平等基礎之上，基於國家同意準則形成和發展，主要大國在這一過程中發揮了主導作用。實踐表明，國際貿易格局的變化引發了規則與利益的失衡。一般而言，政府對其國民負責的國家觀和國際現實，決定了國家利益成為國家行為的出發點。某些大國為其利益可能違反現有多邊規則，採取單邊措施。美國政府近期公然違反WTO規則，對中國和其他WTO成員採取單邊措施，即為明證。長遠看來，由於國家利益驅動，單邊主義與多邊主義的碰撞是必然的，也是常態；規則的靜態性和利益的動態性也催生了新規則的產生。認清此發展規律，秉持“國際法治”的願景，多邊體制廣大成員理應堅持、維護和發展多邊規則，堅決反對個別或少數成員以“實力”為基礎的單邊主義行為，以維護“規則取向”的多邊體制。

Unilateralism or multilateralism is a kind of description of state acts and is judged by its (non) compliance with current international norms, which are created with the consents of states based on respect for the principles of equal rights of peoples and the sovereign equality of all states. Big Powers are mainly responsible for the creation and development of international norms. Practice shows that the change of international trade situation has caused the imbalance between rules and interests. In general, national governments are bound to act to the interests of their constituents to which they are accountable, and this determines that the national interests becomes the starting point of state acts. Some powerful countries may take unilateral measures for their interests in violation of existing multilateral rules. The U. S. government, who has recently blatantly violated WTO rules and taken unilateral measures against China and other WTO members, is a case in point. In the long run, due to national interests, the collision between unilateralism and multilateralism is inevitable and normal. The static nature of the rules and the dynamic nature of interests have also given birth to new rules. Recognizing the rules of development and adhering to the vision of 'international rule of law', the majority of members of the multilateral system should adhere to, maintain and develop multilateral rules and actively fight against unilateral acts based on 'strength' by individual or minority members to maintain a 'rule-oriented' multilateral system.