清初姜瓖之變與山西社會秩序的重建

The Rebellion of Jiang Xiang and the Operation to Restore Order in Shanxi (1648-1661)

明清鼎革之際，中國各地都曾出現大規模的抗清運動。順治五年（1648），原明九邊之一的大同鎮總兵姜瓖（？－1649），以反清復明為號召，發動叛變。姜瓖的政治選擇、軍事行動及事件過程，正好是清廷接收前明邊鎮具體而微的例證。惟清初史料因戰火與政治壓力影響，留存數量有限且內容多所避諱，研究時必須解讀歷史記載的脈絡差異及史筆刪削所透露的訊息。本文綜合檔案、方志、傳記等資料進行分析。首先，討論明清之際姜瓖的處境及個人影響力的變化。其次，分析明朝降將與清政權之間的適應與角力。其三、綜合學界的現有研究，重新討論姜瓖之變的原因。透過上述三個層次的討論，重新理解發生於清初北方的抗清事件，並將視角延伸至事變對山西社會的影響。事變之後，清廷大舉清查各種嫌疑人，欲瓦解明朝遺留的衛所人際網絡。然而地方官執行清查與審問時卻發現，政治選擇的結果往往只是表象，反清背後有各式各樣非政治的理由，增加地方官處理善後的難度。而四出偵查的官員與兵丁，調查動作頻頻，視老百姓皆有涉入嫌疑的可能，最終在社會上形成彼此監視的氛圍，故明的勢力也就再難發動大規模的反清活動。

During the period of Ming-Qing transition, the Qing government faced large-scale anti-Qing movements everywhere. A former Ming General of Datong, Jiang Xiang rallied anti-Qing activists in 1648. He led former Ming garrisons and appealed to people in Shanxi who tried to restore the Ming dynasty. However, the historical resources in Ming-Qing transition were almost all destroyed by war and limited by censorship. It is important to distinguish discourse context and uncover the hidden facts while reconstructing the progress of Jiang Xiang's rebellion. In this study, I analyze archives, local records, and biography to rethink three facets of the rebellion. The first issue was the change of political environment and personal influence in this transitional period. Second, the surrender of Jiang Xiang contending with a new regime. Third, drawing on studies about this rebellion, I rethink its causes and process. Beginning from these three levels of discussion, I try to think further about the question of social reorganization. After the rebellion, the Qing government investigated all suspects to neutralize any possibility of anti-Qing movements. Even though not everyone who joined the anti-Qing movements had political purposes, the Qing government successfully built the new order by constant investigation and interrogation.