歐盟整合理論的新發展：後功能主義對傳統整合理論之挑戰

Recent Developments in Integration Theory: Challenges of Post-Functionalism to Traditional Integration Theories

歐洲統合運動自上世紀展開以來，學界針對區域整合提出許多理論，其中最被廣為討論的為新功能主義及政府間主義。然而，傳統整合理論在解釋近來限制歐洲統合進程的新政治現象，包括公眾對於歐洲統合運動的關注度上升、國族認同影響歐洲統合運動，以及新型態政治光譜出現等新現象時，面臨頗大困境。後功能主義將「後實證學派」強調之「認同」整合進本屬「實證學派」之功能主義脈絡，具有理論之突破性，因此，後功能主義在觀察歐洲統合進程最新發展及限|制上可提供新的視角。本文發現，基於現今公眾對歐洲議題的關注，以及認同在歐洲整合議題扮演的重要性持續上升，後功能主義觀點為當代歐洲統合研究帶入新變項及新思維。本文亦希望藉由帶入後功能主義觀點，為國內歐洲研究學界帶來新思考方向。 Since the beginning of the regional integration of Europe in the 1950s, scholars have developed numerous theories to explain European integration. The most discussed theories are neo-functionalism and intergovermentalism. Neo-functionalists state that the spillover effects brought about by successful cooperation causes integration to become enlarged and expanded, while intergovernmentalists argue that the construction of international regimes requires the consent of national states. The debate between neo-functionalism and intergovernmentalism has been mainstream in EU studies. However, traditional integration theories provide poor explanations for the new political phenomenon in Europe. Politicization and identity constrain the development of European integration. To explain the new political phenomenon, Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks proposed a new integration theory, i.e., post-functionalism. Post-functionalism integrates identity, which is the emphasis of post-positivism, into functionalist viewpoints that originated from positivism. Thus, it provides a new perspective for observing European integration.