《人物志》英雄、聖人才性系統的糾謬與轉向

The Debugging and Transforming of 'Rénwù zhì' Talent System

劉卲《人物志》是漢魏時探討人物才能的評鑑、選拔與任用的論著，並舉歷史人物為例來說明所建構的才性系統。本文首先探討《人物志》中人物舉例的合適性：如三公與冢宰有別，舉例人物的才性雖然共通但有大小之分；又以樂毅為口辯代表，實因樂毅是雖仕二主卻以言止戰的典範。其次本文將《人物志》的才性系統分為聖人與英雄系統，兩者並列，英雄非歸類在聖人系統下。〈九徵〉以三度論才性層級，兼德、兼材皆含有德行，最末的偏材則未必有德，而英雄一身兼有英、雄之才性極致，但不言道德，則當置於何種層級？若將英雄置於兼德與兼材之間，將使德行陷入無中生有的理論困境。故亂世重英雄，而治世則尊聖人，兩系統須並立而有轉變。最後探討從亂世過渡至治世，才性系統由英雄系統轉向聖人系統。《人物志》才性系統包含重視英才、雄才與英雄的英雄系統，以及以德、法、術為核心政治人才，輔以專業人才，發揮人之才性的聖人系統，呈現從「有事賞功能」往「治平尚德行」的演變。可見劉卲《人物志》所建構的才性理論，最終仍是轉向崇尚德行的聖人系統。 Rénwù zhì is a book about the Han Wei dynasty's characters of evaluation, selection and appointment. The author Liú shào illustrated the structure of talent system with historical figures.This article discusses the examples of characters in 'Rénwù zhì' at first: such as the difference between “Sāngōng” and “Zhǒngzǎi”. Liú shào takes Yuè yì as the representative of diplomats, because Yuè yì used his silver tongue to stop wars. Secondly, this article divides the talent system of 'Rénwù zhì' into the sage and hero system, the hero system does not classified under the sage system. “jiǔ zhēng” divides the talent system into three levels, except the lowest level “Piān cái”, the highest level “Jiān dé” and the second level “jiān cái” both has moral standard. Heroes have the best talent of “Yīng” and “Xióng”, except moral, what level should we sort heroes in this situation? If we group heroes into “Jiān dé” and “jiān cái”, moral will appear in sudden, and the theory will be unreasonable.That why we need heroes in a disordered world, and sages in a stable world. The hero and sage system are opposite to each other, when the world changes, the talent system should be changed. The hero system transforms into the sage system when the world become stable, that's what this article want to discuss in the end. The talent system of 'Rénwù zhì' can divide into two systems: the hero system values “Yīng cái”, “Xióng cái” and heroes; the sage system values political talent which base on “Dé”, “Fǎ” and “Shù”. “A disordered world values one's ability” and “a peace world values morals”, that what it shows in the talent system.The talent theory of 'Rénwù zhì' turns to advocating virtue of the sage system at last.