郭象獨化論的再省思

Reconsidering Guo Xiang's Theory of “Individualization”

郭象的「獨化」論恆關聯著「自生」說，凡說性分，說逍遙，說齊物，最終都指向「神器獨化於玄冥之境」，由此開出道化政治的理想境界。本文首先從自生獨化的思維形式展開論述，分別和《老子》、《莊子》、王充、王弼等各家思想的自然、自適、自生等概念作一比較，分疏其間的異同，裨能更確切理解郭象獨化理論的義涵。其次是就獨化論的內容展開論述，掌握獨化是郭象玄學體系中終極理境的概念，此一終極性的概念，必銷鎔了一切分解的說法，而一體平鋪，在郭象注的內容中，凡屬於階段性的、歷程中的、分別說的論述，最終都在獨化論中泯除其間的分際達到統一，明白此義，才不致滋生誤解和無謂的質疑。獨化的內容不止於聖王的觀照境界，是扣緊性分的實現義而說，在性分的充極實現處說逍遙，在各盡其極處說齊物，是聖王獨化和百姓獨化共會交織而成的統體獨化的理境。聖王的獨化必因順百姓之獨化方能成就，百姓必有待聖王之獨化始得而獨化，相因相待，共同成就神器獨化的境界，此郭象獨化論的奧義。 Guo Xiang's theory of “individualization” (duhua) is consistently related to the theory of “self-production” (zisheng). It discusses natural division, spiritual freedom and equalizing all things, ultimately leading to “individualization of heavenly instruments in cosmology, ” wherein the ideal state of Taoist politics begins. Based on the thoughts of self-production and individualization, this paper compares which to the concepts of nature, ease with oneself and self-production in Laozi, Zhuangzi, as well as texts of Wang Chong and Wang Bi, in order to comprehend the exact meaning of Guo Xiang's theory of individualization. This paper further elaborates on the theory of individualization. It emphasizes that this concept unifies various interpretations is the ultimate state in the metaphysics system of Guo Xiang. In Guo Xiang's annotations, all statements in phases, in processes, and in separate clarifications are reorganized and unified under the theory of individualization. Recognizing this, misunderstandings and problems can be avoided. The content of individualization is not only the vision of sage kings, but also the realization of natural division. Explaining spiritual freedom at the ultimate realization of natural division and describing equalizing all things upon extreme realization is the ideal state of an unified individualization between the sage king and the people. Individualization of the sage king is accomplished by following the people's individualization, and the people rely on the sage king's individualization to obtain their own. In this way, they fulfill the individualization of heavenly instruments. This is the subtle meaning of Guo Xiang's theory of individualization.