從「保存」到「創造」——論日治時期臺語文字書面化

Not only maintain but also create–How was Taiwanese documented in Japan-ruled period

日治時期臺語書面化發展大體有教會羅馬字、日文假名拼音、漢字等三種模式。教會羅馬字目的非保存臺語語彙而是利於宣教事業；以日文假名拼寫的書籍以會話教科書為主，鎖定日本低階官吏以便加強對臺人的統治。面對殖民官方文化的鯨吞蠶食，臺籍知識分子起身捍衛臺灣主體性文化與語言，同時將臺語從「方言」、「土語」提升至「真正漢民族的民族語言」，而「漢民族的固有語言」也逐漸被「漢字臺灣話」取代，進而以「普羅大眾聽得懂的語言」邀請民眾進入抵抗的文化陣線之中。臺灣話文的提出代表「不屬於日本」、「獨立於中國之外」的「文學的臺灣話」，判以此抵抗日本統治霸權的同化壓力，希望達到啟發文化，振興民族的目的。這種「非暴力不合作」的反日精神強調臺灣語言的特殊，比起二○年代臺灣知識份子的白話文運動更強調臺灣主體，三○年代的話文小說已蔚為「臺灣人」意識型態傳播的重要場域。日治時期臺灣新文學由中國白話文轉至臺灣話文，可說是藉由書寫語言追求以臺灣為主體的文學。 During Japan-ruled period, Taiwanese was documented through three different formats -church Luo Mazi, Japanese kana, and Chinese character. Church Luo Mazi was created for religious propaganda rather than preserving Taiwanese vocabulary. Basic Taiwanese conversation textbook written by Japanese kana primarily targeted those low-order Japanese government officials, aiming to strengthen Japanese government's ruling power in Taiwan. Facing the threat of colonial culture, Taiwanese intellectuals struggled to protect the independence of Taiwanese culture and language, and, at the same time, to promote Taiwanese from dialect to part of official Han language. Taiwanese written by Chinese Characters (“Taiwanese vernacular writing”) replaced Han build-in language gradually, and attracted numerous populaces to align with it by positioning itself as “language for everyone”. The emerging Taiwanese vernacular writing represented a literature language that does not belong to Japan or China, and was part of Taiwan's resistance to the assimilation form Japanese. It was created in hope of promoting literacy and inspiring nationalism, and could be viewed as a form of civil disobedience. This nonviolent anti-Japan civil action was based on the unique of Taiwanese culture. Comparing to the vernacular campaign in 1920s’, the Taiwanese-language campaign in 1930s' highlighted Taiwan itself, and became the media that awoke Taiwanese's self-awareness.Written literature in Taiwan transferred from Chinese vernacular literature to Taiwanese vernacular literature during Japan-ruled period, reflecting Taiwanese people's effort to seek a literature that is oriented by Taiwanese culture.