約翰‧傑克遜的WTO憲法思想和WTO當前的憲法問題

John H. Jackson's Constitutional Thought on WTO and the Imminent Constitutional Crisis of WTO

約翰‧傑克遜的WTO憲法思想，有助於分析WTO面臨的多重憲法問題。傑克遜以比較法探討WTO成員的憲法體制和WTO法之間的關係，提出WTO義務設立了遵守WTO裁決的國際法義務，捍衛了WTO法的效力。就多邊貿易體制的制度和機構設計而言，傑克遜提出規則導向模式，為多邊貿易體制中權力政治和法律控制之間關係的演變提供了指南。傑克遜提出的是一種以WTO的制度為憲法，針對WTO成員和WTO貿易規制權的構成和限制的原理，功能性的權力分配分析是其用於分析WTO憲法的重要方法。在傑克遜學術生涯的後期，與早中期主要以WTO成員的憲法視角以及一些國際關係、經濟學方法相比，更側重於運用國際公法原理以及國際法憲政的新近發展，缽依了WTO憲政的本意。美國以阻撓上訴機構成員甄選補缺的方式，要脅其他WTO成員對美國的“體制性關切”給予特殊考慮。然而，美國的這一做法並無理據，也和多邊貿易體制的歷史發展背道而馳。在“貿易共同體導向”的利益觀缺失的情況下，WTO的制度和憲法發展仍然任重道遠。 It's meaningful to address the multiple constitutional issues of WTO under John H. Jackson's constitutional thought on WTO. Jackson explored the relationship between the WTO member's constitutional system and the WTO law by adopting a comparative approach, and insisted that the compliance of rulings of WTO Dispute Settlement Body shall be an obligation under international public law. With respect to the institutional design, Jackson put forward the paradigm of rule orientation, which provides the Multilateral Trading System with the valuable guidance for the evolution of the relationship between realpolitik and legal control. Jackson's constitutional thought focused on the constitutive and restrictive operation of WTO's and WTO member's trade regulatory powers, which based on the constitutional cognition to the institution of WTO. In the later period of Jackson's academic career, compared with the exercise of some methods and ways from international politics and international economic discipline and the perspective of WTO member's constitution, Jackson paid more attention to the application of the principles of international public law and the recent development of the constitutionalism in international law. It has been the original intention of the WTO's constitutionalization and constitutionalism. Currently as regards the launching of the selection process to appoint Appellate Body members, the United States has refused to reach the consensus so as to force other WTO members to consider and meet its systemic concerns. However, the United States' action and its ways are unjustifiable and run counter the historical development of the Multilateral Trading System. In the absence of the belief on trading-community-oriented interests, the institution and constitution of WTO still have a long way to go.