中世前期的日本庶民層女性

Lower Class Women of the Early Stages of the Middle Age Era

即使晚了，12世紀成立的家父長制對日本女性的地位影響很大。然而在領主（武士）層方面，從生產關係的階段來看，和其他氏族間的連結是有必要的。和其他氏族間以婚姻形式連結的存在即為女子。這件事可從領主層妻子的地位，娘家父母將領地讓渡給女子之後、仍可隨時將土地收回之強勢權利的表現看出。庶民層（主要為農民層）方面，家父長制對女性的地位有很大的影響。其一為莊園‧公領的土地台帳裡不會記錄女性的名字，女子沒有被予給名田（佃農）的權利。但是即使在庶民層，和領主層相同的，未亡人擔負的角色是為後代子孫傳承耕作名田（佃農）的權利。其次，家父長制的影響對下層是最強烈影響的，庶民層方面離婚權是在丈夫手上，妻子被視為丈夫的財權，當做買賣的對象，對丈夫的不人道‧無情向地頭申訴，被認可的話，離婚就成立。中世前期，月經‧出產等女性特有的生理逐漸被視為汙穢的事情而忌避，但女性本身並未被視為汙穢的存在，女性的性也並未被特別限制、再婚也普遍常見。在這樣的狀況下，上層庶民層方面，和領主層同樣，女子也可繼承財權結婚。但是結婚後和娘家的父母兄弟之間的關係非常強大，一般認為對於社會的生產關係的階段影響很大。 In spite of the time of establishment, the Patriarchy, set up in the late 12th century, still remains profound impacts on women social status in Japan. As to the Busiclass, for the phase of the productive connection, nevertheless, and the necessity of combination with other families, women would be the keys to connect the links through marriages and furthermore pregnancies. This could be found from the status of wives of Lordclass and the might of wives' maiden parents; Although the parents might have assigned the properties to their daughters, they could still take them back anytime. As for the Plebeian/Civilian (most of them would be farmers), the Patriarchy also interfered in the status of women. One of the evidence was that women names would never be recorded in the account book of Syouen and Kouryo. Women had never be granted the authorities of having Myouden. However, even at the level of Plebeian/Civilian, same as at the level of Busiclass, the role of wives was to inherit the rights of having Myouden for their future generations. Secondly, the Patriarchy influenced the lowest level of the hierarchy greatly. Husbands had the only right of claiming divorce. Wives were viewed as the properties of husbands and the goods for business. Yet, if the wives appealed against the inhumanity and the unreasonable treatments of their husbands to the Jitou, then the requests for divorce would be sustained. In the early Middle Ages, period and labor, the maternal traits, were taken as taboo due to the filth, but women were not viewed as filth. Therefore, women at that time were not restricted as badly as the late 12th century, and deuterogamy was very common as well. Under this circumstance, the upper Plebian/Civilian level, same as the Lordclass, would allow their daughters to have marriages in order to inherit their properties. The only difference was that these women would still keep close connections with their maiden home, parents and siblings. Consequently, the pregnancies level would actually have it s great influence.