海洋漁業生態補償法制：從概念認知到制度設計

The Legal System of the Marine Fishery Ecological Compensation: from the Conceptual Cognition to the Institutional Designation

海洋漁業生態補償是應對近海海洋漁業資源荒漠化現象，保護海洋漁業生態資源的重要手段。但目前海洋漁業生態補償研究尚未系統和深入，整體制度供給滯後於實踐，進一步深化研究的方向應當著重重新梳理海洋漁業生態補償的概念認知並完善這一制度設計。海洋漁業生態補償概念認知可借助生態補償概念內涵之演變進程，從性質定義角度加以界定，並從環境公平理念角度加以理解，將之視為一種平衡海洋漁業資源開發利用和生態保護的公共制度安排。目前大陸地區海洋漁業生態補償法制缺乏統一性立法，總體制度建設滯後，存在不少問題。進一步完善這一制度設計必須認真考量制度主體、補償標準、補償方式等問題。制度主體和補償標準可從正負外部性角度加以確定，補償方式可以趨向多樣化，從傳統經濟補償方式走向產業與市場補償、技術與人才補償、政策補償等多種補償方式，改變經濟補償的單一性，實現海洋漁業生態補償的能動性、鮮活性和有效性。 The ecological compensation of marine fishery is an important means to deal with the phenomenon of desertification of offshore marine fishery resources and to protect the ecological resources of marine fisheries. However, the research on ecological compensation of marine fisheries is not systematic and in-depth. The whole system supply lags behind the practice, the direction of further deepening research should focus on rearranging the concept cognition of marine fishery ecological compensation and perfecting the system design. The concept of the Marine fishery ecological compensation can be defined from the nature with the evolution of the connotation of ecological compensation from ecology to economics and sociology significance.We can understand this concept from the idea of the environmental justice, regard it as a public institution arrangement of development and utilization of the ecological protection of marine fishery resources and keep marine fishery ecological balance. The Marine fishery ecological compensation in mainland China lacks of uniform legislation, lags behind the overall construction of the system which results many problems. To improve the design of this system, we must seriously consider the main body of the system, the standard of compensation, the way of compensation, and so on. The main body and standard of compensation can be determined from the perspective of positive and negative externalizations. Compensation methods can be diversified, from traditional economic compensation to industry and market compensation, technology and talent compensation, policy compensation and other compensations. We can change the singularity of economic compensation and realize the activity, freshness and effectiveness of marine fishery ecological compensation.