此三桂之續也：論「日本乞師」在清代小說之呈現

Like Wu Sangui Opening the Gates to the Shanhai Pass: The Depiction of the Request for Military Assistance from Japan in Qing Dynasty Novels

明、清鼎革，不僅是中國大陸之事，其餘波也曾傳至東瀛。過去學界針對南明「日本乞師」之研究，多側重於史料上的釐清，然而，此次秦廷之哭以失敗告終，令遺民扼腕不已，加之明之滅亡，實可追溯至嘉靖、萬曆兩次倭患，遂有小說家將之綰合的呈現。這些作品包括《水滸後傳》、《女仙外史》和《說唐演義全傳》，文本中模糊化賊兵（清廷視角）／義軍（反清視角）之分際，把乞師者轉為反派角色，也把原來屬於支援者的日本貶回殘暴不仁的倭寇。這種敘事策略既呼應了時人對其曾隳突東南沿海及朝鮮半島的記憶，也將「北虜」與「南倭」冶為一爐，讓「秦廷之哭」轉化成「清廷之哭」。最後，小說家透過飛雪／飛劍輕易擊敗野心勃勃的侵略者，維護心目中所追憶的華夷秩序。在想像筆法的作用之下，日本乞師的歷史在虛構文本當中，誠然演繹出截然迥異之姿態。 The effect of the Ming-Qing Cataclysm was not only confined to the Chinese mainland, as its aftermath was also felt in Japan. Previous studies of the “Request for Military Assistance from Japan” have focused on clarifying historical source materials related to this event. However, the failure of the loyalists' plan made them quite depressed, and the demise of the Ming dynasty could in fact be traced back to the anti-Yamato wars during the Jiajing 嘉靖 and Wanli 萬曆 periods. Several novelists combined these two issues in novels such as the Shuihu houzhuan 水滸 後傳, the Nüxian waishi 女仙外史 and the Shuo Tang yanyi quanzhuan 說唐演義全傳. Contradicting historical fact, the authors portrayed the individuals asking for aid as villains, and moreover deprecated the Japanese as brutal marauders. This narrative approach not only echoed the memories that the people of time had of the Japanese invasion of South China and the Korean Peninsula, it further combined the barbarians of the north (beilu 北虜) with the Yamato of the south (nanwo 南倭). In the end, the Chinese army used snow and swords to defeat the invaders and maintain the Huayi 華夷 order.

The effect of the Ming-Qing Cataclysm was not only confined to the Chinese mainland, as its aftermath was also felt in Japan. Previous studies of the “Request for Military Assistance from Japan” have focused on clarifying historical source materials related to this event. However, the failure of the loyalists' plan made them quite depressed, and the demise of the Ming dynasty could in fact be traced back to the anti-Yamato wars during the Jiajing 嘉靖 and Wanli 萬曆 periods. Several novelists combined these two issues in novels such as the Shuihu houzhuan 水滸 後傳, the Nüxian waishi 女仙外史 and the Shuo Tang yanyi quanzhuan 說唐演義全傳. Contradicting historical fact, the authors portrayed the individuals asking for aid as villains, and moreover deprecated the Japanese as brutal marauders. This narrative approach not only echoed the memories that the people of time had of the Japanese invasion of South China and the Korean Peninsula, it further combined the barbarians of the north (beilu 北虜) with the Yamato of the south (nanwo 南倭). In the end, the Chinese army used snow and swords to defeat the invaders and maintain the Huayi 華夷 order.