學校教育中對「傳統倫理」的繼承與改良──以一九七○年代韓國中等學校「道德教育」為中心的探討

The Inheritance and Improvement of “Traditional Ethics” in School Education: An Extended Discussion Centered on the “Ethics Education” in Korean Middle Schools in the 1970s

一九七○年代是韓國「國民倫理」建構的重要時期。此時期，朴正熙政府致力於國民統合，使韓國人民形成「韓國國民」、「韓國民族」的共同體意識。「道德教育」則是培養共同體意識的重要手段，朴正熙政府不但利用反共教育、愛國教育，也利用「傳統倫理」建構國民意識與民族意識。值得注意的是，朴正熙政府在「道德教育」中實施的內容，實際上是繼承與改良一九五○年代李承晚時期的「傳統倫理」。一九七○年代，「道德教育」中「傳統倫理」的應用產生變化，最主要原因是實施目標出現變化。本文主要討論一九七○年代「道德教育」的實施目標，並分析初級中學的《中學校道德》與高級中學的《高等學校國民倫理》教科書，探討一九七○年代的「道德教育」繼承何種李承晚時期的「傳統倫理」內涵，又進行了何種改良。 The 1970s is a significant period of constructing national ethics in Korea. At that time, the Park Chung-hee regime had been striving for raising collective consciousness and unifying its people to consider themselves as “Korean nationals” or “Korean nationality.” The ethics education was therefore an important means to develop/create such ideology. Apart from taking advantage of the anti-communism and patriotism education, the Park Chung-hee regime also employed “traditional ethics” to construct such national identity and ideology. It is noteworthy that what the Park Chung-hee regime carried out in the “ethics education” was actually an inheritance and improvement of the “traditional ethics” from the period of the Syngman Rhee regime in the 1950s. The main cause resulting in the changes of the “traditional ethics” in the “ethics education” in the 1970s was due to the changes of the applying objectives. By discussing the applying objectives of the “ethics education” in the 1970s and analyzing the textbooks of Middle School Ethics used in junior high schools and High School National Ethics used in senior high schools, this essay aims to explore what the “ethics education” in the 1970s inherited from the “traditional ethics” of the Syngman Rhee regime and how it had been improved.

The 1970s is a significant period of constructing national ethics in Korea. At that time, the Park Chung-hee regime had been striving for raising collective consciousness and unifying its people to consider themselves as “Korean nationals” or “Korean nationality.” The ethics education was therefore an important means to develop/create such ideology. Apart from taking advantage of the anti-communism and patriotism education, the Park Chung-hee regime also employed “traditional ethics” to construct such national identity and ideology. It is noteworthy that what the Park Chung-hee regime carried out in the “ethics education” was actually an inheritance and improvement of the “traditional ethics” from the period of the Syngman Rhee regime in the 1950s. The main cause resulting in the changes of the “traditional ethics” in the “ethics education” in the 1970s was due to the changes of the applying objectives. By discussing the applying objectives of the “ethics education” in the 1970s and analyzing the textbooks of Middle School Ethics used in junior high schools and High School National Ethics used in senior high schools, this essay aims to explore what the “ethics education” in the 1970s inherited from the “traditional ethics” of the Syngman Rhee regime and how it had been improved.