權力與權利的分離：專利權產生機制的歷史考察－－兼論專利權效力糾紛的民事糾紛屬性

Separation of Power and Right: Historical Review of Patent Grant Mechanism-- Comment on Civil Dispute Nature of Patent Validity Dispute

從16世紀中段到19世紀中期，專利權產生機制經歷了從特權時期到權利時期的轉變，在專利特權時期，王權是專利特權的基礎與來源，因此專利特權的產生與消滅與王權裁量休戚相關，但在專利權利時期，專利行政機關的行政授權權力與專利權利被分割開來，發明創造在符合法定條件的情況下申請人就應當被授予專利權，授權後專利權利效力糾紛更是被置於司法權範圍之內。因此，專利行政授權機制不僅使專利權擺脫特權屬性而成為普通權利，也實現了授權權力與權利的相分離，進言之，授權專利的效力糾紛的民事糾紛屬性並不會因為專利權利的行政授權機制而有所改變。

From middle 16th century to middle 19th century, patent grant mechanism underwent a transformation from a privilege stage to a right stage. In the privi1ege stage, royalty was the source and foundation of a patent privilege, and the grant and inva1idation of a patent privi1ege was upon the discretion of royalty. To the contrary, in the right stage, the administrative power to grant patent rights and patent rights granted were separated. The administrative agency in charge of patent examination was obliged to grant a patent right over an invention that fulfils legal requirements provided in patent laws, and the invalidation of patent rights was under the jurisdiction of courts. Accordingly, the administrative patent grant mechanism in essence was crucial for the change between privilege and right and the separation of power and right. Further, the civil nature of a patent validity dispute wi11 not be changed because of patent grant administrative mechanism.