職位、文書與國家－－秦官僚制中的史官研究

Post, Documents and State: Study of Historical Official in the Bureaucracy of Qin Dynasty

在古代中國，史官是官僚體制的重要組成部分，但其含義絕不僅限於史書的撰寫者，這在秦時頗為明顯。秦史官人數眾多、官稱繁雜，可謂一種職位系統，且因對官文書和行政文字的熟稔而廣泛介入實際政務，並進而成為秦官僚體制的基礎。然而，這種史官形象並不是久已有之，而是與上古時代的史官有著明顯的差異，差異的逐漸形成則與先秦時代的國家形態及與之相伴隨的各種文化要素的變遷密切相關。因此，對秦史官的基本狀況及其歷史來源的追溯可謂觀察中國古代歷史風貌的一個良好視角。

In ancient China, although historical official made an important part of bureaucracy, it didn't only indicate the writers of historical books, especially in Qin dynasty. Historical officials of Qin were numerous and had lots of titles, so it could be called as a system of post. And, they widely got involved into the governmental affairs because they were familiar to the documents and administrative characters. Then, they turned into the foundation of the bureaucracy of Qin. However, the figure of historical official didn't originate from long time. There was an evident difference between the historical officials of Qin and those of remote ages, and the form of the difference was closely related to the evolution of the state pattern and other cultural ingredients in pre-Qin period. Therefore, to trace back the basic condition and its historical origin of the historical officials of Qin can be a good view to investigate the scene of ancient China.