論王船山《易》學的「氣─時─人」思維

The Thoughts of “qi-shi-ren” in Wang Chuanshan's Scholarship on I Ching

船山釋《易》專著或相關文字，在《船山全書》裡佔有極重份量，如《周易內傳》、《周易外傳》、《張子正蒙注》及《思問錄》等等。也正因如此，唐君毅、曾昭旭、楊自平、蔡家和、吳龍川……等前賢們，皆對船山《易》學有所斠詮，且呈現豐碩的成果。若再檢視現今的研究成果，不難察見二項要點：一是說明船山《易》學歸宗張橫渠，讀船山者，必知其「希橫渠之正學」，而橫渠為何是正學？理由即在橫渠學無非《易》。順此脈絡，船山意圖承繼橫渠正學，實可言旨在歸宗《易》。二則強調船山為重「氣」之《易》學，既異於象數《易》，亦有別王弼、宋儒的義理《易》，但同時又兼涉象數與義理。綜觀前賢所論，大致可拼構船山《易》學之梗概，而本文據此為研究基礎，欲進一步探究船山《易》學的「時」觀，實為一種重取客觀面向的「時」觀。至於如何證成？首先是「立本：從『氣』言『時』」，旨在釐清「時－氣」關係，重「氣」而重「時」，「時」的客觀立基在「氣」。另外，「時－氣」亦可指出船山為何與《易》能有深層聯結，更可抉發船山《易》學的勝義。其次是「趣時：從『時』言『人』」，旨在解讀「時－人」，「時」立基在「氣」，遂獲客觀面向的根源所在，然「時」對「人」的意義為何？人在「時」中，又將呈現出何種樣貌，這涉及船山這個位處明清鼎革的儒者，如何看待「人」，也就是說「時」呈現的「人道」，且「時」為「人」對應經客觀面的合宜關係。統此二者，便能察見「氣－時－人」的思維，並藉此更明確理解到，「時」為船山《易》學的極重要面向。

The study of I Ching weighs heavily in Wang Chuanshan's completeanthology, Chuanshan quanshu. Works dealing with I Ching in the anthologyinclude Zhou-Yi Nei-Zhuan, Zhou-Yi Wai-Zhuan, Zhang-Zi Zheng Meng Zhu and SiWen Lu. Scholars such as Tang Junyi, Zeng Zhaoxu, Yang Tzuping, Tsai Chiaheand Wu Longchuan all worked on Chuanshan's I Ching scholarship and achievedsignificant results. Researches on the subject in the present days find twoemphases. One highlights Chuanshan mainly as a follower of Zhang Zai in hisinterpretation of I Ching. Since Zhang Zai bears his thinking on I Ching, as thisline of research argues, Chuanshan must be doing the same. The other putsChuan-shan's emphasis on 'qi' in his reading of I Ching, which makes him differfrom both the symbol-and-mathematic school and the philosophical school à laWang Bi and the Song Confucians, although he also partially deals with both.Based on previous Chuanshan scholarship, this article studies the concept of'shi' (time) in his interpretation of I Ching. First, Chuanshan elaborates 'shi' in itsobjective aspect, relating 'qi' (force) with 'shi,' the former being the objectivefoundation of the latter. This linkage of 'qi' with 'shi' underpins Chuanshan’sthought and makes his I Ching study outstanding. Second, Chuanshan discusses“ren” (human) in terms of “shi.” “Ren” thereby obtains an objective foundationfrom the 'qi/shi' linkage. What does time mean to man? How does man stand intime? To answer these questions,we need to see Chuanshan as a Confucian scholar in his time, a time of dynastic change from the Ming to the Qing. That is to say, weneed to find out how Chuanshan understands humanity, particularly humanity intime, which would then leads to the question of an objective and properrelationship between man and his time. Following the two directions of inquiriesmentioned above, we may better understand Chuanshan’s thought of 'qi-shi-ren'and see 'shi' as a key concept in his whole scholarship on I Ching.