排灣語的示證標記初步探討

Evidentials in Paiwan

排灣語的示證分為「推論」以及「非推論」兩種。排灣語使用kaumaya這個字來表達推論的示證，而用aya表達非推論的示證。排灣語的非推論示證包含（聽覺和視覺的）感觀非推論示證、引述非推論示證以及報導非推論示證。表達示證的aya是由“說”的動詞“aya”語法化之後轉變而來的。本研究以Heine & Kuteva在2007年所提出的三個機制，也就是，詞類虛化、去語意化以及擴張，來檢驗並證實該aya的語法化。

Paiwan evidentials distinguish ‘inferred’ from ‘non-inferred’. The former is marked with kaumaya, while the latter aya. The non-inferred evidential covers (visual or auditive) sensory, quotative and reported ones. The evidential aya is grammaticalized from the verb of ‘saying’. The grammaticalization is attested by examining with decategorization, desemanticization and extension, proposed by Heine & Kuteva (2007: 34).