A Comparative Study of Judicial Review Procedure Types--The Option of Constitutional Procedure System in Reform of the Constitutional Review of Taiwan

違憲審查程序種類之比較研究--台灣憲法訴訟程序改革之制度選擇

台灣的司法院大法官被憲法賦予了違憲審查權。憲法為確保憲法優位性,採用了司法違憲審查制度。所謂「確保憲法優位性」,是指一個民主與分權政治體制的建立,以保障人民的基本權利,其中包括了有效的權利保護途徑。然而,在民主原則與權力分立原則之間並無孰先孰後的前提之下,從民主原則的觀點,將具有直接民主正當性的議會所通過的法律,交予僅有間接民主正當性的法院進行違憲審查,可能導致許多的憲法爭議。舉例來說,憲法訴訟是否導致政治活動重心從受到公共監督的議會,轉移到不受公共監督但有身分保障的司法機關;司法審查制度是否涉入民主政治的運作,而導致了國家事務的「僵化」…等等;換句話說,司法違憲審查是否得以適應民主憲政體制動態的發展,並且符合憲法對於政治、經濟與社會發展的開放性定位,這些問題確實是憲政主義實踐下的根本議題。因此,本文將先從憲法優位性、民主原則與權力分立原則之間的關聯性,探討違憲審查制度與憲法訴訟體制可能的選項,在經由比較相關的法律論述,以提供給法律研究與實務屆運作參考。

Justices of the Judicial Yuan in Taiwan are entrusted the power of judicial review by the Constitution. For ensuring the constitutional primacy, judicial guarantee model is adopted. The maintenance of the constitutional primacy refers to the establishment of a democratic and decentralized political system to safeguard people's basic rights and provide effective right remedies. However, there is no hierarchy between the democratic principles and the principle of separation of powers. From the point of view of democratic principles, giving laws enacted by the legislature, which based on direct public opinions, to the judiciary, which only has indirect democratic legitimacy, to review its constitutionality may cause a number of constitutional disputes. For example, whether the exercise of constitutional jurisdiction makes the political center incline from democratic representation, which was always supervised by public opinions, towards adjudication, which are not supervised by public opinions but have status protection; whether judicial review system affect the operation of democratic politics and lead to the solidification" of the national government affairs; and so on. In other words, whether judicial review can accommodate to the dynamic character of the democratic constitutional regime, and then fit in the open specifications orientation that the Constitution holds towards the politics, economy, and social development. This is really the fundamental issue of the practice of constitutionalism. Therefore, the article will start from the interrelationships of the constitutional primacy, democratic principles, and the separation of powers to explore the choices of judicial review system and constitutional litigation system, and then compare and authenticate the related legal arguments for the reference of legal research and pragmatic operation.