以藝會友——南宋中期士人以〈蘭亭序〉為中心的品題與人際關係

Friends of the Arts: Group Viewings of the “Lanting Xu” and Literati Social Relationships

〈蘭亭序〉是南宋君臣鍾情、公卿爭藏的書法名帖。由於〈蘭亭序〉的摹臨拓本品類繁多、真贗並存，在南宋形成一種以品題〈蘭亭序〉為主的特殊文化活動；除了集結同好，對蘭亭序帖進行把玩鑑賞、品評優劣外；士人們也藉由這樣一個休閒怡情、交流情誼的機會，擴展自身的人際關係。本文選擇以南宋中期蒐藏、鑑識、品評〈蘭亭序〉的四位名家尤袤、沈揆、王厚之、汪逵為研究對象；先建構他們的生命歷程與收藏情形，再透過大儒名宦品題〈蘭亭序〉及詩文唱和，掌握其人際關係，並從若干側面進行觀察與分析。尤、沈、王、汪四位能成為〈蘭亭序〉收藏名家，有其共同背景，一是出身豪富，收藏〈蘭亭序帖〉量多且質優；二具寬闊視野與鑑賞能力；三都曾任職祕書省館閣的清要官，對文物見多識廣，並得與相同能力的僚友相交流，增強其鑑識能力。在南宋，藉書畫文物的游賞，除了個人性的交流之外，也有集體性觀賞〈蘭亭序帖〉的雅集方式，建立人際關係。

“Lanting xu” (蘭亭序 Preface to the Orchid Pavilion) by Wang Xizhi 王 羲之 is a famous calligraphy work that was very popular in the Southern Song and much sought after by both emperors and literati officials. In response to the existence of numerous copies and the problem of confirming their authenticity, groups of interested literati would gather to handle, appreciate, and appraise the quality of copies of the work. Literati could also use these friendly, relaxed occasions to expand their social circle. This article studies four of the most famous mid Southern Song connoisseurs of the “Preface”: You Mao 尤袤, Shen Kui 沈揆, Wang Houzhi 王厚之and Wang Kui 汪逵. It first introduces their lives and collections, and then examines their personal relationships as reflected in writings on the “Preface” and related poetic and literary exchanges between literati. These four collectors had some shared characteristics. First, they were all from wealthy families and had excellent collections of copies of the “Preface.” Second, they all had broad knowledge of and a good eye for art. Third, they had all served in respected positions in the Palace Library, where the opportunity to access the imperial collection and exchange views with colleagues had enabled them to hone their artistic discernment. In the Southern Song, the appreciation of painting and calligraphy involved not just individual interactions, but also collective gatherings like those that took place around the “Preface.”