韓語否定條件句之觀點貌與語法化

Constructions of Viewpoint Aspect and Grammaticalization of Negative Conditionals in Korean

本論文旨在探討韓語否定條件句（NCs）的兩個語法化詞根：（NCs）–ekacikonun和–esenun，以驗證以下兩點：（1）此種有著負面評價意味的條件句之出現乃因說話者為了要在完成式上（–ekaci和–eiss），建構一種心靈／情緒上的表達，換言之，即是有完全之表意；（2）NCs之條件意味是因為詞根–nun在當今韓語（PDK）中帶著許多語法化意味。本文主張這些NCs之負面評價來自於詞根–ekaci和–eiss的完成式用法上，亦即完成式的完全之表意。尤其是說話者身為一個獨立的個體，從一個具有優勢的外在觀點來檢視一個情境，而說話者建構一個自己的信念或是價值觀和情境事件之間的心靈／情緒上的距離，導致了這些完成式演化成一種標記，以表徵說話者表達不喜歡之態度。否定條件句用語–ekacikonun和–esenun的建立是來自連接詞根–e和–ko以標示連續性。這些有著連續性表意的連接詞根（複雜詞）–ekaci和–eiss，各自與不同詞根作連結[–ekaci+–ko]和[–eiss+–e]，但皆傳達一個訊息，即不討喜的S1導致出不討喜的S2。此條件意味的詞根–ekacikonun和–esenun是源自於–nun標記，在當代韓語（PDK）中傳達著不同意思，如：主題、強調、對比或條件意味在其中。

The aim of this paper is to examine grammaticalization of negative conditionals (NCs) –e kacikonun and –e senun in Korean. The main goal of this paper is to claim that: 1) emergence of a negative evaluative sense of these conditional constructions is motivated by the speaker’s construal of psychological/emotional distance in perfective usage, i.e. totality view, of –e kaci and –e iss; 2) a conditional sense of the NCs is attributed to the meaning of –nun, which carries various grammatical senses in PDK. This paper claims that a negative evaluative sense of these NCs originates from perfective usage, i.e. the totality view of perfectives, of –e kaci and –e iss. In particular, the speaker’s frame of view looking at a situation as a single entity from an outside vantage point, and the speaker’s construal of psychological/emotional distance between the speaker’s belief or value system and a state of affairs of a situation result in evolution of these perfectives into a marker expressing the speaker’s attitude of undesirability. Development of negative conditional usage of –e kacikonun and –e senun is contributed by connective particles –e and –ko marking sequentiality. Because of a sequential sense of the connective particles, the complexes - e kaciko and –e se, each of which a combination of [–e kaci + –ko] and [–e iss + –e], carry the information structure ‘UNDESERABLE S1 leads to UNDESIRABLE S2’. The conditional sense of –e kacikonun and –e senun is contributed by the marker –nun delivering various senses such as topic, emphatic, contrastive, and conditional in Present-day Korean (PDK).