半總統制下總統、總理和國會的三角關係：台灣和波蘭的運作經驗分析

The Triangular Relationship between the President, Prime Minister, and Parliament in Semi-presidentialism: Analyzing Taiwan and Poland

本文主要的目的在於解釋和分析半總統制獨有的總統、總理和國會的三角關係。核心的研究問題是為何特定半總統制國家之制度特徵或安排會形成總統、總理和國會的向心三角關係以及為何特定半總統制國家之制度特徵或安排會促成總統、總理和國會的離心三角關係。主要的論點是具有議會制的特徵如同意權的行使和國會議員兼任閣員的半總統制國家，較容易出現強權總理、總統行政權力之行使受到限制以及府會關係較為和諧的現象。相反地，不具議會制特徵如同意權的行使和國會議員不能兼任閣員的半總統制國家，較容易出現弱權總理、總統行政權力之行使較無限制、立法權力較有自主性以及府會關係容易發生衝突的結果。本文以建構類型的比較觀點來分析1997年修憲後的台灣半總統制的運作，並以波蘭半總統制的經驗作為對比，解釋台灣半總統制的制度特徵和運作結果。

The main purpose of this paper is to explicate and analyze the triangular relationship between the president, prime minister, and parliament in semi-presidentialism. Why the specific features of institutional arrangements can produce a centripetal triangular relationship and why the specific features of institutional arrangements can entail a centrifugal triangular relationship in semi-presidentialism are the major research questions. The combination of the investiture and portfolio's parliamentary membership can facilitate the centripetal tendency of the triangular relationship among the president, prime minister, and parliament in semi-presidentialism. On the contrary, without the investiture and portfolio's parliamentary membership, it can enhance the centrifugal tendency of the triangular relationship among the president, prime minister, and parliament in semi-presidentialism. By way of contrasting semi-presidential operation in Poland with semi-presidential operations in Taiwan, we can explain why Taiwan has a strong president, a strong parliament and a weak prime minister.